The structure and evolution of Chinese social stratification

Contents


1 Introduction
Problem Statement
Methodology: Historical Sociology of China
The Methodological Obstacles
Methodology of Qualitative Research and Historical Research
The Evolution of Historical Sociology of China
Theory: Sociology of China
The Nature of Chinese Society: An Industrializing Agrarian Society
and an East Asian Latecomer
The Embeddedness of Nation-Building
China and Globalization
The United States and China

2 Chinese Social Stratification before 1949
China’s Continuity and Unity
Chinese Social Stratification before 1949
Chinese Social Stratification before 1840
Chinese Social Stratification after 1840
China’s National Civil Examination before 1905
The Civil Service System before 1912
The Cadre System before 1949

3 Chinese Social Stratification and
the Cadre System 1949-1959
The International and Domestic Political Economy
Chinese Social Stratification 1949-1959
The Revival of the National Examination System
The Origin of the Household Registration System
The Structure of the 1956 Model
Post 1956 Modification
Cadre Statistics 1949-1959
Chinese Social Stratification after 1959

4 Chinese Social Stratification and
the Cadre System 1959-1979
The International and Domestic Political Economy
Chinese Social Stratification 1959-1979
Cadre Statistics 1959-1979
Mao’s Rationale for the Cultural Revolution
The Storm
The Modifications
Cancellation of the National Exam and
the “Peasant-Worker-Soldier Student” Ideal
Worker Substitution and Peasant Substitution
“May 7” Cadre Schools
“Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside”
Mao’s Mistakes

5 Chinese Social Stratification and
the Cadre System 1979-1993
The International and Domestic Political Economy
Chinese Social Stratification 1979-1993
The Structure of the 1985 System
Cadre Statistics 1979-1993
Deng’s Critique of the Cadre System
The Cadre System in the Party and Government
The Cadre System in State Enterprises
State Professionals
College Graduates
Others
Chinese Social Stratification during the Tiananmen Event (1989)

6 Chinese Social Stratification and
the Cadre System after 1993
Deng Xiaoping’s South China Tour
The International and Domestic Political Economy
Chinese Social Stratification after 1993
The 1993 Civil Service System
Cadre Statistics after 1993
Cadre in the State Enterprises
Cadre in the State Institutions
State Professionals
Cadre Recruiting
Talent Market
The Ten-Year Reform Plan of the Cadre System (2000-2010)

7 Understanding Chinese Social Stratification:
Three Main Aspects
The National University Entrance Examination
The Household Registration System
The Work Unit
The Tasks of the Last Stage of the Chinese Revolution
Eliminating the Social Apartheid
The Building of the National Social Security System
Land Intensification and the Mechanization of Agriculture
The Building of Compulsory Education and Education Market

8 Summary:
Chinese Social Stratification after 1949
A Coherent and Consistent Picture of
Chinese Social Stratification
The Decline of the Peasant Class
The Making of the Chinese Working Class
The Rise of the Chinese Capitalist Class
The Splitting off of the Cadre Class
Where is the Middle Class?
The Party in the Chinese Social Stratification
Foresee the Future of Chinese Social Stratification

Bibliography 223


List of Figures, Tables and Graphs


Figures

2-1 Social Stratification of Late Imperial China
3-1 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1959-1979
8-1 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 2005


Tables

1-1 Quantitative Research versus Qualitative Research
2-1 A Brief Chronology of Chinese History
2-2 Official Chinese Social Stratification by 1880s
2-3 Relations between Family Background and
Degree Attainment in Ming and Qing Dynasties
2-4 Formal Hierarchy of Qing Bureaucracy
2-5 The Legal Salaries for Civil and Military officials (Late Qing)
2-6 Officers and Men of Chinese Army (1885)
2-7 National Government Civil Service Classifications
3-1 The Structure of the 1956 Model
3-2 Chinese Stratification after 1959
5-1 The Structure of the 1985 Model
5-2 Titles of the Cadre Professionals
6-1 The Structure of the 1993 Model
7-1 Basic Educational Statistics from
China’s National Population Census
8-1 Top Ten Forbes Rich List 2004 (China)
8-2 The Civil Servants by Ranks, 1997
8-3 The 1993 System in 2001

Graphs

3-1 China’s GDP 1952-1959
3-2 China’s per capita GDP 1952-1959
3-3 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1952-1959
3-4 Numbers of Cadres 1949-1959
3-5 Increase of Civilian Cadre by Source 1952-1959
3-6 Loss of Cadre 1952-1959
3-7 Composition of Cadre by the Type of Work Unit 1954-1959
3-8 State Professionals 1952-1959
3-9 Cadres by Administrative Levels 1954-1959
3-10 Cadres by Education 1950-1959
3-11 Percent of Cadre who are Party Member 1950-1959
3-12 Percent of Female Cadre 1950-1959
3-13 Percent of Minority Cadre 1950-1959
4-1 China’s GDP 1959-1979
4-2 China’s per capita GDP 1959-1979
4-3 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1959-1979
4-4 Number of Cadre 1959-1979
4-5 Increase of Civilian Cadre by Source 1959-1979
4-6 Loss of Cadre 1959-1979
4-7 Composition of Cadre by the Type of Work Unit 1959-1980
4-8 State Professionals 1959-1979
4-9 Cadres by Administrative Levels 1959-1979
4-10 Cadres by Education 1959-1979
4-11 Percent of Cadre who are Party Member 1959-1979
4-12 Percent of Female Cadre 1959-1979
4-13 Percent of Minority Cadre 1959-1979
5-1 China’s GDP 1979-1993
5-2 China’s per capita GDP 1979-1993
5-3 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1979-1993
5-4 Number of Cadre 1979-1993
5-5 Increase of Civilian Cadre by Source 1979-1993
5-6 Loss of Cadre 1979-1993
5-7 Composition of Cadre by the Type of Work Unit 1981-1993
5-8 State Professionals 1980-1993
5-9 Cadres by Administrative Levels 1979-1993
5-10 Cadres by Education 1980-1994
5-11 Percent of Cadre who are Party Member 1979-1993
5-12 Percent of Female Cadre 1979-1993
5-13 Percent of Minority Cadre 1979-1993
6-1 China’s GDP 1993-2003
6-2 China’s per capita GDP 1993-2003
6-3 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1993-2003
6-4 Number of Cadre 1993-2001
6-5 Increase of Civilian Cadre by Source 1993-1998
6-6 Loss of Cadre 1993-1998
6-7 Composition of Cadre by the Type of Work Unit 1993-2001
6-8 State Professionals 1993-1998
6-9 Cadres by Administrative Levels 1993-1998
6-10 Cadres by Education 1995-1998
6-11 Percent of Cadre who are Party Member 1993-1998
6-12 Percent of Female Cadre 1993-1998
6-13 Percent of Minority Cadre 1993-1998
7-1 China’s Population by the Household Registration 1949-2003
8-1 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1952-2003
8-2 Chinese Working Class 1952-2003
8-3 Chinese Capitalist Class 1989-2003
8-4 Percent of State Professionals Who are
Party Members 1980-1998
8-5 Number of the Middle Level Cadre Professionals, 1980-1998
8-6 Percent of Middle Level Cadre Professionals Who
are Party Members, 1980-1998
8-7 Number of Higher Cadre Professionals, 1980-1998
8-8 Percent of Higher Cadre Professionals Who are
Party Members, 1980-1998
8-9 Hypothetical Chinese Social Stratification 2025-2100