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  E-mail Message: I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/264569713 Title: A model for optimal reaction norms: the case of the pregnant garter snake and her temperature-sensitive embryos. Publisher: ISBN/ISSN: 0003-0147 OCLC:264569713

  
  

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A model for optimal reaction norms: the case of the pregnant garter snake and her temperature-sensitive embryos.

Author:	SJ Arnold; CR Peterson
Edition/Format:	Article : English
Publication:	The American naturalist, 2002 Sep; 160(3): 306-16
Database:	From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Other Databases:	British Library Serials; ArticleFirst
Summary:	We present a model to test Osgood's ( 1978 ) proposition that viviparous snakes have optimal reaction norms for temperature-sensitive meristic traits, such as scale counts. Our model predicts that traits that are subject to temperature effects during development will evolve a flat or [Formula: see text]-shaped reaction norm (average scale count as a function of developmental temperature). We tested this prediction by maintaining 67 female garter snakes (Thamnophis elegans) at eight different constant temperatures (21 degrees -33 degrees C) during pregnancy and making a series of scale counts on their newborn offspring (n = 491). To insure that the experimental temperatures were ecologically relevant, we used automated radiotelemetry to record the body temperature of pregnant, free-ranging females. The resulting temperature data allowed us to test the prediction that the inflection points of reaction norms would correspond to the average temperature experienced by embryos in the field. In line with predictions of the Osgood model, reaction norms were flat or U-shaped. In the case of U-shaped reaction norms, the inflection point of the curves corresponded to the average temperature imposed on embryos by free-ranging females. In contrast to some past studies, none of the standard scale scores (ones commonly used in systematics) showed significant temperature effects in either sex. Reaction norms were flat. In contrast, incidences of various abnormalities showed U-shaped reaction norms. Temperature effects were more pronounced in males than in females. The results have implications for systematics and for the evolution of canalization and phenotypic plasticity.  Read more...
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