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1 Constitutional Creativity 1 --
Historic Foundation of Constitutional Creativity 3 --
Theoretical Foundation of Constitutional Creativity 10 --
Political Foundation of Constitutional Creativity 20 --
2 Formalism v. Realism 35 --
Nature of Categorization 36 --
Categorical Illusion 39 --
Nature of Balancing 44 --
Some Comparative Observations about Categorization and Balancing 46 --
Categorical Balancing 49 --
Necessity of Balancing 50 --
3 Levels of Scrutiny 71 --
Minimal Scrutiny 74 --
Upgrading Minimal Scrutiny 81 --
Strict Scrutiny 88 --
Intermediate Scrutiny 93 --
Rehnquist and Scalia: Forays into Weakening Intermediate Scrutiny 96 --
Justice Marshall's Sliding Scale of Scrutiny 102 --
Flaws in the Multi-Tier System 103 --
Restructuring the System 108 --
4 Constitutional Fact: The Perception of Reality by the Supreme Court 121 --
Manipulation of Constitutional Fact 123 --
Manipulation of Constitutional Fact and the Levels of Scrutiny 126 --
5 Puzzle of Legislative Motive 143 --
Tainted Heritage of Assessing Legislative Motive 146 --
Why Legislative Motive Supposedly Is Irrelevant 148 --
Why Should Motive Matter? 154 --
When Legislative Motive Is Relevant 155 --
Ascertaining Public Motive--The Initiative and Referendum 164 --
6 Case Study: The Theory of Low-Value Speech 173 --
Development of the Low-Value Speech Theory 175 --
Proposals to Add New Varieties of Low-Value Speech 191 --
How High-Value and Low-Value Speech Are Treated 198 --
Determining the Value of Speech 201 --
Basic Validity of the Low-Value Speech Theory 204 --
Low-Value Speech Theory and the Technique of Categorization 208 --
7 Vicissitudes of the Fourteenth Amendment 227 --
Discarded Clause: Privileges or Immunities 227 --
Substitute Clause: Due Process of Law 230 --
Last Refuge: Equal Protection of the Laws 237 --
Conclusion: A Surprising Revival 248. |
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