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| 文件类型： | 文章 |
|---|---|
| 所有的著者/提供者： | Steven H Fritts; L David Mech |
| ISSN: | 0084-0173 |
| OCLC号码： | 479755933 |
| 语言注释： | English |
| 注意： | The senior author attaches a radio collar to a drugged wolf. Fig. 1. A. Location of the Beltrami Island State Forest, the Superior National Forest (site of most previous research on wolves in Minnesota), and the primary and peripheral ranges of wolves in Minnesota. B. Detail of study area showing locations of towns referred to in the text. Fig. 10. Size and minimum area occupied by Clear River Pack and Faunce Pack in 1972-1973. Numbers above lines indicate pack size in winter; numbers below lines indicate pack size in spring. Fig. 11. Size and minimum area occupied by Clear River Pack, Faunce Pack, and Winner Pair in 1973-1974. Numbers above lines indicate pack size in winter; numbers below lines indicate pack size in spring. Fig. 12. Size and areas occupied by 10 different social units of wolves in 1974-1975. Numbers above lines indicate pack size in winter; numbers below lines indicate pack size in spring. Dashed lines indicate approximate locations of noninstrumented groups. Fig. 13. Size and areas occupied by 13 social units of wolves in 1975-1976. Numbers above lines indicate pack size in winter; numbers below lines indicate pack size in spring. Dashed lines indicate approximate locations of noninstrumented groups. Fig. 14. Size and minimum area occupied by Faunce Pack, Vacuum Pack, and Bankton Pack in 1976-1977. Numbers above lines indicate pack size in winter; numbers below lines indicate pack size in spring. Fig. 17. Progressive relocations of alpha female 2455 and Clear River Pack between abandonment of eastern part of the territory around 25 November 1975 and 18 January 1976 when 2455 was killed by other wolves ("X" indicates death site). Mean interval between relocations was 3.5 days. Fig. 18. Movements of lone female 5169 from capture through pairing as indicated by progressive relocations between 10 August and 21 November 1975. Mean interval between relocations was 4.5 days. Shaded area represents approximate territory of 5169 and 1 or 2 companions (Baudette River Pack) between 21 November 1975 and 23 March 1976. Shift in territory of Bankton Pack believed related to establishment of Baudette River Pack also is indicated. Fig. 19. Relocations of female 5155 after dispersal from the Vacuum Pack through pairing, drifting, and colonization of the edge of the parental territory. Shaded area represents the approximate territory of 5155 and her mate (the new Morehouse Pair) as indicated by relocations in winter 1975-1976 after 14 December. Shift in territory of Vacuum Pack also is indicated. Fig. 20. Spatial relationship of Winner Pair and Vacuum Pack from June through October of 1975 as indicated by relocations of telemetered pack members. Fig. 21. Relocations of lone male 5109 and lone male 5113. Fig. 22. Relocations of adult male 5121 from capture on 28 July 1974 through drifting and pairing phases and until death on 15 February 1975. Mean interval between relocations was 4.9 days. Fig. 23. Relocations of female 5141 as a lone wolf from 20 September 1974 through 5 February 1975, and with male 5115 in winter 1974-1975 after pairing on 11 February. Mean interval between relocations of the pair was 3.3 days. Shaded area indicates area covered by the pair in summer 1975. Fig. 24. Dispersal from and return to the Beltrami Island State Forest by yearling female 5173. Lines indicate sequence of relocations, not travel routes. Note relocation no. 11 near original territory. Fig. 25. Settlement of female 5105 into an area adjacent to her parental territory shown with relocations of lone male 5051. Subsequent movements of the 2 as a pair also are shown. Fig. 26. Abandonment of territory, drifting, pairing, and resettling of adult female 5105, as indicated by progressive relocations between 4 November 1975 (last date male member of Winner Pair was seen) until 1 April 1976. Mean interval between relocations was 4.2 days. Shaded area indicates territory of 5105 and Thief Lake Pack from 20 February to 12 December 1976. Fig. 27. Temporary association of male 5153 from the Vacuum Pack and female 5171 of the Rapid River Pack as indicated by relocations of both wolves from dispersal until pair breakup. Fig. 28. Relocations indicating nomadic movements of female 5171 after breakup with male 5153. Rectangle within map of the Beltrami Island State Forest indicates area included in Fig. 27. She was killed near location no. 19. Fig. 29. Relocations indicating dispersal of yearling male 840 from the Clear River Pack, pairing, and drifting prior to settling into a territory. Shaded area indicates territory of the pair from 5 April to 15 September 1976, as indicated by 23 relocations of 840. Fig. 30. Relocations indicating dispersal of yearling female 5145 from the Rapid River Pack in February 1976, pairing with lone male 903, and movements prior to settling. Shaded area indicates the eventual territory of the pair in 1976, as indicated by 16 relocations of one or both wolves. Pair may have been together on 1 March and on 12 and 29 April (female's radio was not functioning on those dates). Fig. 31. Movements of female pup 5143 between dissociation from Clear River Pack on 5 February 1975 until last found on 19 March 1975, as indicated by 15 relocations. Mean interval between relocations was 3.1 days. Fig. 32. Comparison of areas covered by adults and subordinates in summer, for Clear River Pack, Vacuum Pack, Rapid River Pack, and Bankton Pack. Fig. 33. Progressive relocations of Bankton Pack (alpha female 5165) during winter 1975-1976 in relation to edge of the territory and deer wintering areas. Fig. 34. Distribution of deer kills and suspected kills observed during December-March in the Beltrami Island State Forest in relation to high and moderate density wintering areas. Wintering areas identified primarily by E. Clem, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Fig. 36. Locations of wolf scats that contained livestock remains and sites of 1 possible and 2 known cases of predation on livestock (*) by study packs in the Beltrami Island State Forest. Fig. 37. Distribution of confirmed and probable cases of wolf predation on livestock in part of northwestern Minnesota, 1973-1977. Case numbers refer to Table 14. |
| 奖励： | |
| 其他题名： | Dynamics, Movements, and Feeding Ecology of a Newly Protected Wolf Population in Northwestern Minnesota |
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