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| 文件类型： | 书 |
|---|---|
| 所有的著者/提供者： |
W F Ruddiman |
| ISBN: | 0716737418 9780716737414 |
| OCLC号码： | 45263857 |
| 描述： | xxi, 465 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. |
| 内容： | Part I Framework of Climate Science 1 -- Chapter 1 Overview of Climate Science 2 -- Climate and Climate Change 3 -- Development of Climate Science 6 -- Overview of the Climate System 8 -- Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales 4 -- Chapter 2 Earth's Climate System Today 18 -- Heating Earth 19 -- Heat Transfer in Earth's Atmosphere 31 -- Heat Transfer in Earth's Oceans 39 -- Ice on Earth 44 -- Earth's Biosphere 47 -- Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Structure of Earth's Atmosphere 22 -- Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Albedo/Temperature 25 -- Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water in the Climate System 27 -- Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Water Vapor 31 -- Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Coriolis Effect 36 -- Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Vegetation-Climate Feedbacks 51 -- Chapter 3 Climate Archives, Data, and Models 54 -- Climate Archives 54 -- Climate Data 66 -- Climate Models 71 -- Part II Tectonic-Scale Climate Change 84 -- Chapter 4 Co[subscript 2] and Long-Term Climate 86 -- Greenhouse Worlds 87 -- Faint Young Sun Paradox 88 -- Carbon Exchanges between Rocks and the Atmosphere 91 -- Climate Factors That Control Chemical Weathering 94 -- Chemical Weathering: Earth's Thermostat? 96 -- Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth's Thermostat? 99 -- Climate Debate: A Snowball Earth? 89 -- Looking Deeper into Climate Science: The Organic Carbon Subcycle 98 -- Chapter 5 Plate Tectonics and Climate 103 -- Plate Tectonics 103 -- Polar Position Hypothesis 109 -- Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea 112 -- Tectonic Control of CO[subscript 2] Input: The BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis 116 -- Tectonic Control of CO[subscript 2] Removal: The Uplift Weathering Hypothesis 121 -- What Controls Chemical Weathering? 125 -- Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 430 Myr Ago 126 -- Chapter 6 Greenhouse Earth 129 -- What Explains Greenhouse Warmth 100 Myr Ago? 130 -- Sea Level Changes and Climate 137 -- Asteroid Impacts 143 -- Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: The Effect of CO[subscript 2] on Climate 134 -- Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level 142 -- Chapter 7 Back into the Icehouse: The Last 55 Million Years 147 -- Global Climate Change Since 55 Myr Ago 148 -- Why Did Global Climate Cool over the Last 55 Myr? 154 -- Understanding and Predicting Tectonic Climate Change 166 -- Tools of Climate Science: Oxtygen Isotope Ratios ([delta superscript 18]O) 151 -- Climate Debate: The Timing of Uplift in Western North America 158 -- Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Is [superscript 87]Sr/[superscript 86]Sr an Index of Chemical Weathering? 168 -- Part III Orbital-Scale Climate Change 172 -- Chapter 8 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation 174 -- Earth's Orbit Today 175 -- Long-Term Changes in Earth's Orbit 176 -- Changes in Insolation Received on Earth 185 -- Looking for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climate Records 188 -- Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation 177 -- Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth's Precession as a Sine Wave 182 -- Chapter 9 Insolation Control of Monsoons 193 -- Monsoon Circulations 194 -- Evidence of Orbital-Scale Changes in Summer Monsoons 197 -- Refinements of the Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis 204 -- Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth's History 205 -- Chapter 10 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets 210 -- What Controls the Size of Ice Sheets? 211 -- Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets 213 -- Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History 220 -- Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation 216 -- Climate Debate: Antarctic Deglaciation 3 Myr Ago? 226 -- Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands 230 -- Chapter 11 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane 234 -- Ice Cores 235 -- Orbital-Scale Changes in Methane 237n -- Orbital-Scale Changes in CO[subscript 2] 238 -- Tools of Climate Science: Carbon Isotope Ratios ([delta superscript 13]C) 243 -- Climate Debate: Do Winds Fertilize the Glacial Ocean? 247 -- Chapter 12 Orbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System 254 -- Orbital-Scale Forcing and Response Revisited 255 -- Ice-Driven Climate Responses 255 -- CO[subscript 2] Level and Ice Volume: Which Drives Which? 265 -- Mystery of the 100,000-Year Cycle 266 -- Part IV Deglacial and Millennial Climate Changes 274 -- Chapter 13 Last Glacial Maximum 276 -- Glacial World: More Ice and Less Gas 277 -- Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data 284 -- Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates 287 -- How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? 295 -- Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ventilating the Glacial Ocean 290 -- Chapter 14 Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation 301 -- Fire and Ice: A Shift in the Balance of Power 302 -- Climate Changes During and Since Deglaciation 313 -- Fading Memories of Melting Ice 322 -- Predicting Future Orbital-Scale Changes 326 -- Tools of Climate Science: Deglacial [superscript 14]C Dates Are Too Young 305 -- Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Giant Deglacial Floods 312 -- Chapter 15 Millennial Oscillations in Climate 330 -- Millennial Oscillations During Glaciations 331 -- Millennial Oscillations During the Last 8000 Years 342 -- Causes of Millennial-Scale Oscillations 345 -- Implications of Millennial Oscillations for Future Climate 350 -- Tools of Climate Science: [delta superscript 18]O Fluctuations in Ice Cores 332 -- Part V Historical and Future Climate Changes 352 -- Chapter 16 Historical Changes in Climate 354 -- Little Ice Age: Local or Global? 358 -- Proxy Measures of Historical Climate 357 -- Historical and Instrumental Observations 369 -- Natural Causes of Historical Climate Changes 376 -- Tools of Climate Science: Analyzing Tree Rings 362 -- Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: El Nino 366 -- Climate Debate: Satellites vs. Surface Temperatures 372 -- Chapter 17 Humans and Climate Change 383 -- Impact of Climate on Human Evolution 384 -- Impact of Climate on Early Civilizations 391 -- Early Impacts of Humans on Climate 394 -- Impacts of Humans on the Atmosphere: The Last 250 Years 396 -- Climate Debate: Impacts of Humans on CH[subscript 4] Levels for 5000 Years? 400 -- Chapter 18 Climate in the Twentieth Century 405 -- Impact of Natural Variations in Climate 406 -- Earth's Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases 408 -- Causes of Global Warming in the Twentieth Century 414 -- Greenhouse Debate: Proponents and Skeptics 419 -- Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Direct Radiative Forcing 410 -- Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Deep-Ocean Warming in the Twentieth Century? 416 -- Chapter 19 Climate Change in the Next 100 to 1000 Years 423 -- Natural Variations in Climate 424 -- Future Human Impacts on Climate 425 -- Future Climate Change Caused by Increased CO[subscript 2] 429 -- Monitoring Greenhouse Warming: The Next Few Decades 435 -- Impacts of Future Increases in Greenhouse Gases on Humans 438 -- Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Will Frozen Methane Melt? 428. |
| 责任： | William F. Ruddiman. |
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