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The effects of different species of introduced salmonids on amphibians in headwater lakes of north-central Idaho

著者：	Patrick D Murphy
论文：	Thesis (M.S., Biology)--Idaho State University, 2003.
版本/格式：	硕士/博士论文 : 硕士论文/博士论文 : 手稿  档案资料 : 英语
提要：	The common practice of stocking previously fishless, high-elevation lakes with introduced salmonids has significantly influenced the distribution and abundance of some native amphibians. The relationship between the occurrence and abundance of the Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris) and long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) and the occurrence of different species of salmonids and individual lake habitat characteristics across different spatial scales in the Clearwater National Forest, Idaho, were examined. Occurrence and abundance were examined at three categorical spatial scales: individual lake sites, watersheds, and subwatersheds. This study incorporates 214 individual lakes that were surveyed in 1991 and 1995-1999 for amphibians and fish across 48 watersheds (6th field HUC) and 26 major watersheds (5th field HUC). Of all lakes surveyed, 49% were located in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness. Salmonids were found in 41% of all lake sites and occupied 77% of the lentic surface area of sites surveyed. There were no significant differences between the occurrence of spotted frog adults and the presence of fish at any spatial scale, although the abundance of all frog life stages was significantly lower in lakes with fish. Spotted frog occurrence was positively associated with a greater amount of sedge meadow perimeter and higher percentage of silt/organic substrate. Long-toed salamanders (all life stages) were negatively affected by fish at all spatial scales. After habitat effects were accounted for, only fish presence was a significant predictor of salamander occurrence. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) had the most marked effect on salamanders, which weren't found in any of the 20 lakes with populations of brook trout. At the watershed scale, the occurrence of spotted frog breeding and long-toed salamanders was significantly related to the percent of surface area containing salmonids. Although both species of amphibians were present in all 26 watersheds surveyed, it is suggested that mountain lakes be managed with long-term monitoring and prioritized management objectives to protect and provide fishless habitat in watersheds dominated by introduced fish.  再读一些...
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