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| 文件类型： | 文章 |
|---|---|
| 所有的著者/提供者： | Jonathan Q Richmond; Tod W Reeder |
| ISSN: | 0014-3820 |
| OCLC号码： | 478847630 |
| 语言注释： | English |
| 注意： | Fig. 1. Distribution of Eumeces gilberti (Rodgers and Fitch 1947; Stebbins 1985; Jones 1985). Haplotype localities are indicated by numbered dots, which correspond with localities listed in the Appendix. Stippled areas indicate putative zones of intergradation (Rodgers and Fitch 1947). Note that the distribution of E. g. arizonensis is restricted to an 18-km section of riparian woodland along the Hassayampa River near Wickenburg, Arizona (Jones 1985). Fig. 2. Distribution of Eumeces skiltonianus and E. lagunensis (Tanner 1957; Stebbins 1985; Grismer 1996). Haplotype localities are indicated by numbered dots, which correspond with localities listed in the Appendix. Table 1. Oligonucleotide primers used in this study. Fig. 3. Phylogeny of the Eumeces skiltonianus group inferred from the maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis. Taxa are labeled according to the subspecies that corresponds with the locality of the sampled individual, and names separated by a forward slash indicate intermediate forms (following Rodgers and Fitch 1947). Clade labels are as follows: (A) southwestern E. gilberti; (B) San Francisco Bay E. skiltonianus; (C) Inyo County E. gilberti; (D) Santa Barbara County E. skiltonianus; (E) central coastal E. skiltonianus; (F) Pacific Northwest E. skiltonianus; (G) southern E. skiltonianus; (H) E. lagunensis; and (I) Sierran E. gilberti. Parsimony bootstrap values for the equally weighted analyses are shown above the branches and ML bootstrap values are shown below the branches. Bootstrap values < 50% are not shown. Table 2. The GTR + I + Γ substitution model parameters for the optimal maximum-likelihood tree. (A) Nucleotide substitution parameters (transition headers are in bold). (B) Base frequency parameters. Fig. 4. Map showing the major phylogeographic units within Eumeces gilberti and E. skiltonianus. Letters refer to clade labels in Figure 3 (Clade H not shown). Fig. 5. Outgroup relationships inferred from maximum-likelihood analysis. The topology shown is rooted with Eumeces quadrilineatus because of its geographic distribution in Southeast Asia and high sequence divergence from North American Eumeces. Fig. 6. Phylogenetic reconstruction of body size (left) and color pattern (right) for the Eumeces skiltonianus group. Characters are mapped onto the maximum-likelihood topology. Skinks are shown to scale and represent the largest individual for a given geographic clade. Illustrations were redrawn from photographs in Taylor (1935) and Smith (1946) by J. Richmond. Table 3. Body size and color pattern for Eumeces mitochondrial DNA clades. Values for snout-vent length (SVL) represent the average ± standard deviation and the range of SVLs obtained for each major clade (following Fig. 3). Note that clades A and C contain lineages that are characterized by reversals to smaller body size and partial retention of stripes. |
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摘要：
We identify instances of parallel morphological evolution in North American scincid lizards of the Eumeces skiltonianus species group and provide evidence that this system is consistent with a model of ecological speciation. The group consists of three putative species divided among two morphotypes, the small-bodied and striped E. skiltonianus and E. lagunensis versus the large-bodied and typically uniform-colored E. gilberti. Members of the group pass through markedly similar phenotypic stages during early development, but differ with respect to where terminal morphology occurs along the developmental sequence. The morphotypes also differ in habitat preference, with the large-bodied gilberti form generally inhabiting lower elevations and drier environments than the smaller, striped morphs. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of 53 skiltonianus group populations using mtDNA sequence data from the ND4 protein-coding gene and three flanking tRNAs (900 bp total). Sampling encompassed nearly the entire geographic range of the group, and all currently recognized species and subspecies were included. Our results provide strong evidence for parallel origins of three clades characterized by the gilberti morphotype, two of which are nested within the more geographically widespread E. skiltonianus. Eumeces lagunensis was also nested among populations of E. skiltonianus. Comparative analyses using independent contrasts show that evolutionary changes in body size are correlated with differences in adult color pattern. The independently derived association of gilberti morphology with warm, arid environments suggests that phenotypic divergence is the result of adaptation to contrasting selection regimes. We provide evidence that body size was likely the target of natural selection, and that divergences in color pattern and mate recognition are probable secondary consequences of evolving large body size.