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| 材料类型： | 互联网资源 |
|---|---|
| 文件类型： | 书, 互联网资源 |
| 所有的著者/提供者： |
A H Harcourt; Kelly J Stewart |
| ISBN: | 9780226316024 0226316025 9780226316031 0226316033 |
| OCLC号码： | 76074213 |
| 描述： | xviii, 459 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. |
| 内容： | pt. 1. Introduction -- 1. Introduction -- Summary -- The book's aim -- 1.1. What is a society? What is socioecology? -- 1.2. Why primate socioecology? -- 1.2.1. The tropics are little known -- 1.2.2. Primates are relatively well known -- 1.2.3. Primates are diverse -- 1.2.4. Primate males and females live together -- 1.2.5. The study of primates -- 1.3. Why gorilla socioecology? -- Structure of the book -- Figure details -- 2. Primate socioecology : a brief introduction -- Summary -- 2.1. Socioecology -- 2.1.1. Introduction -- 2.1.2. Females to food, males to females -- 2.2. Food and society -- 2.2.1. Body size, food, and society -- 2.2.2. Food and competition -- 2.2.2.1. The nature of the food affects the nature of competition -- 2.2.2.2. The nature of competition affects the nature of the society -- 2.2.3. Food, competition, and grouping -- 2.2.3.1. Grouping increases competition -- 2.2.3.2. Food and the benefits of cooperation in competition as a cause of grouping -- 2.3. Predation and society -- 2.3.1. Primates are preyed upon and have evolved antipredator strategies -- 2.3.2. Body size and predation -- 2.3.3. Predation and grouping -- 2.3.3.1. Grouping within species protects from predation -- 2.3.3.2. Grouping evolved for protection from predation? -- 2.3.3.3. Grouping with a male for protection from predation -- 2.4. Mating and society -- 2.4.1. Mating competition among males and sexual dimorphism -- 2.4.1.1. Sexual dimorphism and body size -- 2.4.1.2. Sexual dimorphism and group size -- 2.4.2. Male-male mating competition and access to females : male-female association -- 2.4.2.1. Association for male care -- 2.4.2.2. Association without active care? -- 2.4.2.3. Association to mate-guard -- 2.4.2.4. Association to guard against infanticide -- 2.4.2.5. More than one male associating -- 2.4.2.6. Breaking the association-emigration -- 2.4.2.7. No association-roving males -- 2.4.3. Male-male mating competition and infanticide : male-female conflict -- 2.4.4. Female and male responses to mating competition -- 2.4.4.1. Female responses to harassment and infanticide -- 2.4.4.2. Male responses to female responses -- 2.5. Rearing and society -- 2.5.1. Need for help : male-female association -- 2.5.2. Female competition to rear -- Conclusion -- Statistical details. pt. 2. Gorillas, ecology, and society -- 3. Introducing gorillas : some background -- Summary -- 3.1. Distribution, taxonomy, and study sites -- 3.1.1. Distribution : where gorillas live -- 3.1.2. Taxonomy : how many species? -- 3.1.3. Study sites -- 3.1.3.1. Mountain gorillas -- 3.1.3.2. Eastern lowland, or Grauer's gorillas -- 3.1.3.3. Western gorillas -- 3.1.4. Comparison with Pan and Pongo -- 3.2. Life history and reproduction -- 3.2.1. Introduction -- 3.2.2. Body size and sexual dimorphism -- 3.2.3. Maturation and reproduction -- 3.2.3.1. Infants to subadults -- 3.2.3.2. Maturity and reproduction in males -- 3.2.3.3. Maturity and reproduction in females -- 3.2.4. Mortality -- 3.2.4.1. Mortality rates -- 3.2.4.2. Causes of mortality -- 3.2.5. Life span -- 3.2.6. Lifetime reproduction -- 3.2.7. Comparison with Pan and Pongo -- Conclusion -- Table details -- Figure details -- 4. Gorilla ecology and society : a brief description -- 4.1. Gorilla ecology -- Summary : gorilla ecology -- Introduction : gorilla ecology -- 4.1.1. Body size and diet -- 4.1.2. General habitat and food preferences -- 4.1.3. Diet, altitude, and season -- 4.1.3.1. Western gorillas -- 4.1.3.2. Eastern lowland, or Grauer's gorillas -- 4.1.3.3. Mountain gorillas -- 4.1.4. Diet and daily ranging : variation in foraging effort -- 4.1.5. Diet and home range size -- 4.1.6. Ecology and group cohesion -- 4.1.7. Ecology and population density -- 4.1.8. Comparison with Pan and Pongo -- 4.1.8.1. Pan -- 4.1.8.2. Pongo -- Conclusion : gorilla ecology -- 4.2. Gorilla society -- Summary : gorilla society -- Introduction : gorilla society -- 4.2.1. Social structure and social processes -- 4.2.1.1. Group size and composition ; population structure -- 4.2.1.2. Dispersal ; group formation, transition, and demise -- 4.2.1.3. Infanticide -- 4.2.1.4. Interunit encounters -- 4.2.2. Social relationships -- 4.2.2.1. Relationships between adult males and females -- 4.2.2.2. Relationships between adult females -- 4.2.2.3. Relationships between adult males -- 4.2.2.4. The social relationships of immature animals -- 4.2.3. Comparison with Pan and Pongo -- 4.2.3.1. Pan -- 4.2.3.2. Pongo -- Conclusion : gorilla society -- Figure details -- Statistical details. pt. 3. Female strategies and gorilla society -- Summary -- 5. Female strategies and society : food and grouping -- Summary -- Introduction : gorillas ; food, competition, and cooperation -- 5.1. Female strategies : food, competition, and grouping -- 5.1.1. Do gorilla females compete over food? -- 5.1.2. Is the competition important? -- 5.1.3. Conclusion : food, competition, and grouping -- 5.2. Female strategies : food, cooperation, and emigration -- 5.2.1. Do gorilla females cooperate in competition over food? -- 5.2.2. Is the cooperation important? -- 5.2.3. Conclusion : food, cooperation, and emigration -- 5.3. Comparison with Pan and Pongo -- Conclusion -- Figure details -- Statistical details -- 6. Female strategies : male influences on females' competition, cooperation, and grouping -- Summary -- 6.1. The male is a major competitor -- 6.2. The male mitigates competition among females -- 6.3. The male mitigates the benefits of females' cooperation -- 6.4. Comparison with Pan and Pongo -- Conclusion -- Figure details -- Statistical details -- 7. Female strategies : male influences ; joining a protective male -- Summary -- 7.1. Protection from predation -- Summary : protection from predation -- 7.1.1. Female gorillas associate with a male for defense against predators -- 7.1.2. Females join males -- 7.1.3. Gorillas are preyed upon -- 7.1.4. Males protect females -- 7.1.4.1. The male protects females (and their offspring) against predators -- 7.1.4.2. Females (and immature animals) act as if they perceive that the male is a protector against predators -- 7.1.5. Comparison with Pan and Pongo -- Conclusion : escaping predation as the cause of females' association with a male -- 7.2. Protection from Infanticide -- Summary : protection from infanticide -- 7.2.1. Infanticide in gorillas -- 7.2.2. Female gorillas associate with a powerful male for protection against infanticide by other males -- 7.2.2.1. Males protect against infanticide -- 7.2.2.2. Females associate with a male for protection against infanticide -- 7.2.2.3. Females associate with a male for protection against infanticide : a model -- 7.2.2.4. The model's conclusions -- 7.2.2.5. Criticism of the model -- 7.2.3. Comparison with Pan and Pongo -- Conclusion : escaping infanticide as the cause of females' association with a male -- 7.3. Conclusion : predation or infanticide? -- 7.3.1. Predation is the primary cause of association -- 7.3.2. Infanticide is the primary cause of association -- 7.3.3. The hypotheses cannot yet be separated? -- Figure details -- 8. Female strategies : male influences ; emigration and choice of males -- Summary -- Introduction -- 8.1. Female emigration and mate choice : finding a better protector -- 8.2. Female emigration and mate choice : avoiding inbreeding -- 8.2.1. Evidence for avoidance of inbreeding -- 8.2.2. Incest in gorillas : inbreeding is not always avoided -- 8.2.3. Minimal costs to inbreeding? -- 8.3. Comparison with Pan and Pongo -- Conclusion -- Figure details -- Statistical details -- 9. Female strategies : conflict, compromise, and cooperation between the sexes -- Summary -- 9.1. Gorilla female society -- 9.1.1. Food and society -- 9.1.2. Protection and society : the male's influence -- 9.1.3. Emigration by females : the male's influence -- 9.2. Gorilla society : an unusually strong influence of males? -- 9.3. Gorilla society : an unusual product from interaction of usual rules -- Statistical details. pt. 4. Male strategies and gorilla society -- Summary -- 10. Male strategies and society : influences of the environment and of females -- Summary -- 10.1. Association as a means of access to females -- 10.1.1. Means of access to females -- 10.1.2. Gorillas cannot be territorial as a mate access strategy -- 10.1.3. Gorillas cannot roam, but must associate permanently -- 10.2. Predation, infanticide, and association with females -- 10.3. Comparison with Pan and Pongo -- 10.3.1. Finding females : roam or stay? -- 10.3.2. Predation and association -- Conclusion -- A robust model, and therefore the right answer? -- Added variations -- Are female strategies irrelevant to males? -- Figure details -- 11. Male mating strategies and gorilla society -- Summary -- 11.1. Competition to be sole breeder -- 11.1.1. Gorilla society as a one-male mating system -- 11.1.2. The reproductive payoffs of infanticide -- 11.1.3. Male competitive tactics : mate acquisition versus mate retention and offspring protection -- 11.1.3.1. Contests during interunit encounters -- 11.1.3.2. Why are there no male takeovers? : the influence of females on the stability of male-female associations -- 11.1.4. Mating competition in multi-male groups -- 11.1.4.1. Breeding success and mating competition : the importance of being dominant -- 11.1.4.2. Mating competition and male-female interactions : coercion and mate-guarding -- 11.1.5. Female choice and male mating competition -- 11.1.6. Long-term reproductive strategies -- 11.1.6.1. The wooing of females by subordinate males -- 11.1.6.2. Control of female aggression -- 11.2. Maturing males : stay or emigrate? -- 11.2.1. Breeding tenure and number of mates -- 11.2.2. Why dominant males tolerate younger rivals? -- 11.2.3. Staying versus dispersing -- 11.2.4. Reproductive payoffs of different male strategies -- 11.2.5. Why leave? -- 11.3. Variation across gorilla populations -- 11.3.1. Differences in rates of male dispersal -- 11.3.1.1. Ecological constraints on group size, male mating competition, and male emigration -- 11.3.1.2. Interaction of male and female strategies and the perpetuation of group structure -- 11.3.1.3. Lower risk of infanticide -- 11.3.2. Differences in predictability of infanticide and nature of interunit encounters -- 11.3.2.1. Demographic influences on mating competition -- 11.3.2.2. Familiarity and relatedness between males and females of different groups -- 11.4. Comparison with Pan and Pongo -- 11.4.1. Common chimpanzees -- 11.4.2. Bonobos -- 11.4.3. Pongo -- Conclusion -- Figure details -- Statistical details -- 12. Male strategies and the nature of society : conflict, compromise, and cooperation between the sexes -- Summary -- 12.1. Gorilla society : the influence of females on males -- 12.2. Gorilla society : the influence of males on females -- 12.3. Gorilla society : conflict, compromise, and cooperation -- 12.4. Males and society : a familiar case study? -- 12.5. Males and society : an unfamiliar case study? pt. 5. Gorilla society : the future -- 13. Gorilla and primate socioecology : the future -- Summary -- 13.1. Gorilla society yesterday -- 13.2. Gorilla society today -- 13.3. Gorilla and primate society tomorrow -- 13.3.1. Phylogeny, environment, and society? -- 13.3.2. Diet, competition, cooperation, and grouping? -- 13.3.2.1. Frugivore-folivore differences -- 13.3.2.2. Cooperation -- 13.3.2.3. Some methodology -- 13.3.3. Intermale competition? -- 13.3.3.1. Number of males per group -- 13.3.3.2. Intergroup aggression and kinship -- 13.3.3.3. Duration of male tenure -- 13.3.4. The fate of dispersers? -- 13.3.5. Within-species community structure? -- 13.3.6. Sexual selection, environment, and society : predation versus infanticide? -- 13.3.7. Schemas, quantification, modeling, and experiments? -- 13.3.7.1. Categorization, quantification, and definition -- 13.3.7.2. Modeling -- 13.3.7.3. Experimentation -- 13.3.8. Communication between primate socioecology and human socioecology? -- 13.3.9. More fieldwork? -- 13.3.9.1. Three areas of ignorance -- 13.3.9.2. Gorilla socioecology -- 14. Socioecology and gorilla conservation -- Summary -- Introduction -- 14.1. Conservation's five questions : Why? What? How much? Where? How? -- 14.1.1. Why conserve? -- 14.1.2. What to conserve? -- 14.1.2.1. The Red List classification of the gorilla -- 14.1.2.2. Some reflections on the Red List -- 14.1.3. How much? -- 14.1.4. Where? -- 14.1.5. How? -- 14.1.5.1. Africa is poor -- 14.1.5.2. Protected areas and tourism? -- 14.2. Socioecology and conservation -- 14.2.1. Is biology necessary? -- 14.2.2. How can socioecology help? -- 14.2.3. Socioecology and demography -- 14.2.4. Socioecology and reaction to the environment -- 14.2.5. Socioecology of human use of the environment -- 14.2.6. Socioecology and active management -- 14.2.7. Socioecology and tourism : the relevance of socioecology -- 14.2.8. Socioecologists and conservation -- 14.2.9. Conservation and socioecology -- Conclusion -- Table details -- Figure details -- Statistical details. |
| 责任： | Alexander H. Harcourt and Kelly J. Stewart. |
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摘要：
Gorilla society is arranged according to the different and sometimes conflicting evolutionary goals of the sexes. This title introduces theories explaining primate societies; describes gorilla life history, ecology, and social systems; and explores both sexes' evolutionary strategies of survival and reproduction.
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"A first-rate source for anyone wanting a broad overview of what topics are currently being explored by biologists in this field. The book is well worth the price, and I strongly recommend it to academics and anyone else who is genuiniely interested in learning more about these magnificent animals and what we can do to conserve them for future generations."--F./i>--F. Blake Morton "Integrative and Comparative Biology " 再读一些...
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