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| Genre/Form: | Collected Works |
|---|---|
| Additional Physical Format: | Online version: Schwartz, George I. Moments of discovery. New York, Basic Books [1958] (OCoLC)622197099 |
| Document Type: | Book |
| All Authors / Contributors: |
George I Schwartz; Philip W Bishop |
| OCLC Number: | 520363 |
| Description: | 2 v. (xvii, 1005 p.) illus., facsims. 24 cm. |
| Contents: | Volume 1: The Origins of Science -- Forward / Linus Pauling -- Preface -- I. The Nature of Science and Discovery -- A scientific approach to the study and treatment of disease is introduced / Hippocrates -- The fundamental importance of experiment in science is proclaimed / Roger Bacon -- The importance of the inductive method in science is detailed / Francis Bacon -- The role of doubt and reason in interpreting the universe is emphasized, along with a discourse on method / Rene Descartes -- Rules of reasoning in philosophy are presented as a simple, clear approach to science in general / Isaac Newton -- Some general principles of experimentation in medicine are set forth / Claude Bernard -- The search for the internal harmony of the universe is laid down as a creed for the scientist / Henri Poincare -- Some aspects of the anatomy of science are analyzed / Gilbert N. Lewis -- Some philosophic considerations concerning the methods of science are offered / Albert Einstein -- II. Technology Before Science -- A consideration of the dawn of science and a few of its early manifestations / George Sarton -- The cumulative and progressive evolution of tools and machines for producing and using rotary motion are described / V. Gordon Childe -- III. The Beginnings of the Scientific Approach -- The habits of a number of marine animals are described / Aristotle -- Some methods of plant propagation and growth are described / Theophrastus -- The law of the lever is developed, and some applications of this principle are set forth / Archimedes -- A method is described for measuring the circumference of the earth / Eratosthenes -- The atomic theory of the nature of things, according to the ideas of Democritus and Epicurus, is set forth / Lucretius -- IV. The Bridge -- The properties of gold are described / Pliny the Elder -- The hypotheses of the geocentric universe are set down / Ptolemy -- The dissection of a Barbary ape provides the material for a description of the muscles of the forearm / Galen -- The aims and some of the methods of the alchemists are indicated / Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) -- The formation of metals in the earth is discussed / Agricola (Georg Bauer) -- The role of water in the growth of plants is shown by experiment / Jan Baptista van Helmont -- Some fabulous animals are described along with some facts and misconceptions about real animals / The Book of Beasts -- Burning is described as the result of the presence of a combustible principle, phlogiston / Georg Ernst Stahl -- V. The Scientific Revolution -- Discovery of the Infinitely Large -- The motions of the planets around the sun in circular orbits are demonstrated / Copernicus -- A new star is reported / Tycho Brahe -- The construction of a telescope and observations of the moon, some plants, and some stars are described. The Ptolemaic and Copernican systems are compared / Galileo -- It is announced that the planets move in elliptical orbits and that the universe is an orderly one / Johann Kepler -- The universal laws of motion are established / Isaac Newton -- The elliptical orbits of comets are described, and the return of a comet is predicted / Edmund Halley -- The nebular hypothesis is suggested as an explanation of the origin of the solar system / Pierre Simon Laplace -- Discovery of the Infinitely Small -- The science of magnetism and electricity is initiated / William Gilbert -- The laws of acceleration and of falling bodies are established / Galileo -- The invention of the barometer is described and its operation explained / Evangelista Torricelli -- The facts of air pressure are demonstrated by experiment / Blaise Pascal -- The relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas is developed experimentally / Robert Boyle -- The wave theory of light is set forth / Christian Huygens -- The law of elasticity is established / Robert Hooke -- The composite nature of white light is demonstrated by the use of prisms / Isaac Newton -- The Origin of Life -- The development of maggots in rotting flesh is shown by experiment to result from the eggs of flies / Francesco Redi -- Bacteria and protozoa are seen and accurately described for the first time / Anton van Leeuwenhoek -- It is demonstrated by experiments that microbes do not originate spontaneously / Lazaro Spallanzani -- The Burning Question -- The chemistry of fixed air (carbon dioxide) is studied experimentally / Joseph Black -- Oxygen is prepared by heating mercuric oxide, and its ability to support combustion is described / Joseph Priestly -- Oxygen is discovered and recognized as an element / Carl Wilhelm Scheele -- Water is shown to be a compound and not an element / Henry Cavendish -- The role of oxygen in combustion is established / Anton Laurent Lavoisier -- Volume 2: The Development of Modern Science -- VI. Form and Function of Living Things -- The Structure of Living Things -- The dissection of the human body provides foundation of modern medicine / Andreas Vesalius -- The term cell is used to describe the microscopic structure of cork / Robert Hooke -- The anatomy of an insect is described in a series of dissections and drawings / Jan Swammerdam -- The presence of a nucleus is reported in the cells of a number of plants / Robert Brown -- The cell theory is anticipated and an explanation of cell function is offered / Henri Dutrochet -- The cell theory is announced / Theodor Schwann -- Living nerve cells are successfully grown outside the living body / Ross Harrison -- The Processes of Life -- The circulation of the blood is demonstrated and proved / William Harvey -- The description of the capillaries of the lungs completes the theory of blood circulation / Marcello Malpighi -- The movement of liquids in plants is studied by rigorous quantitative procedures / Stephen Hales -- The process of photosynthesis in green plants is described in a series of experiments / Jan Ingen-Housz -- The function of the spinal nerves of a frog is demonstrated / Johannes Muller -- Some animal body functions and the methods used in discovering them are described / Claude Bernard -- The Development and Evolution of Life -- The binomial system of naming plants and animals is established in its modern form / Linnaeus -- The inheritance of characteristics acquired by use and disuse is utilized to explain the evolution of life / Jean Lamarck -- The theory of natural selection is advanced as the basis of evolution / Charles Darwin -- The fundamental laws of inheritance are established by experiments with garden peas / Gregor Mendel -- Mutations are suggested as the means of spontaneous hereditary changes / Hugo DeVries -- The Conquest of Disease -- Vaccination to establish immunity to smallpox is demonstrated by experiment / Edward Jenner -- The methods for studying disease-producing bacteria are described and are used to prove that tuberculosis is caused by a specific bacterium / Robert Koch -- Immunity to rabies is successfully produced / Louis Pasteur -- Antiseptic principles are established for the practice of surgery / Joseph Lister -- The role of a tick in transmitting Texas Fever in cattle is proved / Theobald Smith -- VII. Modern Chemistry Emerges -- The foundations of the atomic theory are established / John Dalton -- Chlorine is recognized as an element / Humphrey Davy -- The combination of gases with each other is demonstrated / Joseph Gay-Lussac -- The distinction is made between an atom and a molecule / Amedeo Avogadro -- The relationship between the properties and atomic weights of the elements is established / Dmitri Mendeleev -- Urea, an organic substance, is produced from the inorganic substance ammonium cyanate / Friedrich Wohler -- VIII. Electrons, Atoms, and Rays -- The famous kite experiment is described / Benjamin Franklin -- The voltaic pile and the voltaic battery are developed / Alessandro Volta -- Electromagnetic induction is described / Michael Faraday -- X rays are discovered / Wilhelm Roentgen -- Experiments lead to the discovery of radioactivity / Henri Becquerel -- Polonium and radium are discovered / Pierre Curie and Marie Curie -- The existence of electromagnetic waves is experimentally confirmed / Heinrich Hertz -- The electron and some of its properties are described / J.J. Thomson -- The nature and causes of radioactivity are discussed / Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy -- IX. Discovery Continues -- Some thoughts on phantom problems in science / Max Planck -- Some additional light is thrown on the methods of science / James Jeans -- Young scientists are offered some advice and some hopes / J. Robert Oppenheimer -- Index. |
| Responsibility: | edited by George Schwartz and Philip W. Bishop. With a foreword by Linus Pauling. |
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