| Contents: |
Cover --
COPYRIGHT --
Contents --
Preface --
Maps --
1 Geography, Demography and Cultural Factors --
1.1 New Zealand 8211; an isolated land --
1.2 The geography of New Zealand --
1.3 The arrival of the Maori --
1.4 The arrival of Europeans --
1.5 The European settlement of New Zealand --
1.6 The origins of the early European settlers --
1.7 The late nineteenth century --
1.8 New Zealand in the early twentieth century --
1.9 Maori in the twentieth century --
1.10 Socioeconomic class --
1.11 The anti-nuclear policy --
1.12 New Zealand in the twenty-first century --
1.13 Population distribution --
1.14 Maori language in New Zealand --
1.15 Pacific Islanders in New Zealand --
1.16 The Asian population in New Zealand --
1.17 Relations with Australia --
2 Phonetics and Phonology --
2.1 A note on terminology: phonetics, phonology, KEYWORDS and standard language --
2.2 Data on NZE --
2.3 Consonants of NZE --
2.3.1 The /r/ consonant --
2.3.2 The /t/ consonant --
2.3.3 The /l/ consonant --
2.4 Vowels of NZE --
2.4.1 The START vowel --
2.4.2 The KIT vowel --
2.4.3 The GEESE, FLEECE and FOOT vowels --
2.4.4 The DRESS and TRAP vowels --
2.4.5 The NURSE vowel --
2.4.6 Vowel length --
2.4.7 NZE diphthongs --
2.5 Suprasegmental features of NZE --
2.5.1 Intonation --
2.5.2 Stress --
2.5.3 Rhythm --
2.6 Sound changes in progress --
2.6.1 /hw/ --
2.6.2 H-dropping --
2.6.3 /l/-vocalisation --
2.6.4 tr-affrication --
2.6.5 Flapping your ts --
2.6.6 TH-fronting --
2.6.7 Upper class /r/ --
2.6.8 The NEAR/SQUARE merger --
2.6.9 The NZE short front vowels, KIT, DRESS and TRAP --
2.6.10 The closing diphthongs, MOUTH, PRICE, FACE and GOAT --
2.6.11 The MOUTH diphthong --
2.6.12 The and to before vowels --
2.6.13 Grown or growen? --
2.7 Final note --
3 Morphosyntax --
3.1 Verb forms --
3.2 Modal verbs --
3.3 Negation --
3.4 Verbal agreement --
3.5 Possession --
3.6 Pronouns --
3.7 Adjectives and adverbs --
3.8 Conclusion --
4 New Zealand Vocabulary and Discourse Features --
4.1 New Zealand vocabulary --
4.2 Loan words in New Zealand English --
4.2.1 Early Maori loan words --
4.2.2 Flora and fauna --
4.2.3 Maori society and culture --
4.2.4 Maori place names --
4.2.5 Maori loan words in the twentieth century --
4.2.6 Pronunciation of Maori borrowings --
4.3 Influence of Australia --
4.4 American influence --
4.5 Internal changes in New Zealand English --
4.5.1 New Zealand English word formation --
4.5.2 Semantic change --
4.5.3 New Zealand slang --
4.6 New Zealand discourse --
5 The Origins of New Zealand English --
5.1 New Zealand English and Cockney --
5.2 New Zealand English and Australia --
5.3 New Zealand English and new-dialect formation --
5.4 Early written records --
5.5 Spoken New Zealand English data --
5.6 Four early New Zealand speakers from the Mobile Unit archive --
5.7 Evidence from spoken data --
5.8 Theories about the origins and development of NZE --
6 Variation within New Zealand --
6.1 Variation in New Zealand English --
6.2 Regional variation --
6.3 Dialect and accent --
6.4 The Southland dialect --
6.5 Other regional differences --
6.6 Social variation and language analysis --
6.7 Social class and NZE --
6.8 Attitud. |
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