The structure and evolution of Chinese social stratification

Contents 1 Introduction Problem Statement Methodology: Historical Sociology of China The Methodological Obstacles Methodology of Qualitative Research and Historical Research The Evolution of Historical Sociology of China Theory: Sociology of China The Nature of Chinese Society: An Industrializing Agrarian Society and an East Asian Latecomer The Embeddedness of Nation-Building China and Globalization The United States and China 2 Chinese Social Stratification before 1949 China’s Continuity and Unity Chinese Social Stratification before 1949 Chinese Social Stratification before 1840 Chinese Social Stratification after 1840 China’s National Civil Examination before 1905 The Civil Service System before 1912 The Cadre System before 1949 3 Chinese Social Stratification and the Cadre System 1949-1959 The International and Domestic Political Economy Chinese Social Stratification 1949-1959 The Revival of the National Examination System The Origin of the Household Registration System The Structure of the 1956 Model Post 1956 Modification Cadre Statistics 1949-1959 Chinese Social Stratification after 1959 4 Chinese Social Stratification and the Cadre System 1959-1979 The International and Domestic Political Economy Chinese Social Stratification 1959-1979 Cadre Statistics 1959-1979 Mao’s Rationale for the Cultural Revolution The Storm The Modifications Cancellation of the National Exam and the “Peasant-Worker-Soldier Student” Ideal Worker Substitution and Peasant Substitution “May 7” Cadre Schools “Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside” Mao’s Mistakes 5 Chinese Social Stratification and the Cadre System 1979-1993 The International and Domestic Political Economy Chinese Social Stratification 1979-1993 The Structure of the 1985 System Cadre Statistics 1979-1993 Deng’s Critique of the Cadre System The Cadre System in the Party and Government The Cadre System in State Enterprises State Professionals College Graduates Others Chinese Social Stratification during the Tiananmen Event (1989) 6 Chinese Social Stratification and the Cadre System after 1993 Deng Xiaoping’s South China Tour The International and Domestic Political Economy Chinese Social Stratification after 1993 The 1993 Civil Service System Cadre Statistics after 1993 Cadre in the State Enterprises Cadre in the State Institutions State Professionals Cadre Recruiting Talent Market The Ten-Year Reform Plan of the Cadre System (2000-2010) 7 Understanding Chinese Social Stratification: Three Main Aspects The National University Entrance Examination The Household Registration System The Work Unit The Tasks of the Last Stage of the Chinese Revolution Eliminating the Social Apartheid The Building of the National Social Security System Land Intensification and the Mechanization of Agriculture The Building of Compulsory Education and Education Market 8 Summary: Chinese Social Stratification after 1949 A Coherent and Consistent Picture of Chinese Social Stratification The Decline of the Peasant Class The Making of the Chinese Working Class The Rise of the Chinese Capitalist Class The Splitting off of the Cadre Class Where is the Middle Class? The Party in the Chinese Social Stratification Foresee the Future of Chinese Social Stratification Bibliography 223 List of Figures, Tables and Graphs Figures 2-1 Social Stratification of Late Imperial China 3-1 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1959-1979 8-1 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 2005 Tables 1-1 Quantitative Research versus Qualitative Research 2-1 A Brief Chronology of Chinese History 2-2 Official Chinese Social Stratification by 1880s 2-3 Relations between Family Background and Degree Attainment in Ming and Qing Dynasties 2-4 Formal Hierarchy of Qing Bureaucracy 2-5 The Legal Salaries for Civil and Military officials (Late Qing) 2-6 Officers and Men of Chinese Army (1885) 2-7 National Government Civil Service Classifications 3-1 The Structure of the 1956 Model 3-2 Chinese Stratification after 1959 5-1 The Structure of the 1985 Model 5-2 Titles of the Cadre Professionals 6-1 The Structure of the 1993 Model 7-1 Basic Educational Statistics from China’s National Population Census 8-1 Top Ten Forbes Rich List 2004 (China) 8-2 The Civil Servants by Ranks, 1997 8-3 The 1993 System in 2001 Graphs 3-1 China’s GDP 1952-1959 3-2 China’s per capita GDP 1952-1959 3-3 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1952-1959 3-4 Numbers of Cadres 1949-1959 3-5 Increase of Civilian Cadre by Source 1952-1959 3-6 Loss of Cadre 1952-1959 3-7 Composition of Cadre by the Type of Work Unit 1954-1959 3-8 State Professionals 1952-1959 3-9 Cadres by Administrative Levels 1954-1959 3-10 Cadres by Education 1950-1959 3-11 Percent of Cadre who are Party Member 1950-1959 3-12 Percent of Female Cadre 1950-1959 3-13 Percent of Minority Cadre 1950-1959 4-1 China’s GDP 1959-1979 4-2 China’s per capita GDP 1959-1979 4-3 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1959-1979 4-4 Number of Cadre 1959-1979 4-5 Increase of Civilian Cadre by Source 1959-1979 4-6 Loss of Cadre 1959-1979 4-7 Composition of Cadre by the Type of Work Unit 1959-1980 4-8 State Professionals 1959-1979 4-9 Cadres by Administrative Levels 1959-1979 4-10 Cadres by Education 1959-1979 4-11 Percent of Cadre who are Party Member 1959-1979 4-12 Percent of Female Cadre 1959-1979 4-13 Percent of Minority Cadre 1959-1979 5-1 China’s GDP 1979-1993 5-2 China’s per capita GDP 1979-1993 5-3 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1979-1993 5-4 Number of Cadre 1979-1993 5-5 Increase of Civilian Cadre by Source 1979-1993 5-6 Loss of Cadre 1979-1993 5-7 Composition of Cadre by the Type of Work Unit 1981-1993 5-8 State Professionals 1980-1993 5-9 Cadres by Administrative Levels 1979-1993 5-10 Cadres by Education 1980-1994 5-11 Percent of Cadre who are Party Member 1979-1993 5-12 Percent of Female Cadre 1979-1993 5-13 Percent of Minority Cadre 1979-1993 6-1 China’s GDP 1993-2003 6-2 China’s per capita GDP 1993-2003 6-3 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1993-2003 6-4 Number of Cadre 1993-2001 6-5 Increase of Civilian Cadre by Source 1993-1998 6-6 Loss of Cadre 1993-1998 6-7 Composition of Cadre by the Type of Work Unit 1993-2001 6-8 State Professionals 1993-1998 6-9 Cadres by Administrative Levels 1993-1998 6-10 Cadres by Education 1995-1998 6-11 Percent of Cadre who are Party Member 1993-1998 6-12 Percent of Female Cadre 1993-1998 6-13 Percent of Minority Cadre 1993-1998 7-1 China’s Population by the Household Registration 1949-2003 8-1 Li Yi Model of the Chinese Social Stratification 1952-2003 8-2 Chinese Working Class 1952-2003 8-3 Chinese Capitalist Class 1989-2003 8-4 Percent of State Professionals Who are Party Members 1980-1998 8-5 Number of the Middle Level Cadre Professionals, 1980-1998 8-6 Percent of Middle Level Cadre Professionals Who are Party Members, 1980-1998 8-7 Number of Higher Cadre Professionals, 1980-1998 8-8 Percent of Higher Cadre Professionals Who are Party Members, 1980-1998 8-9 Hypothetical Chinese Social Stratification 2025-2100