INTRODUCTION
"You're nothing but a falconry bum, and I never want to see you again," she
said, slamming the telephone down. By then it was almost midnight. I was
supposed to have had dinner with her at seven o'clock and meet her parents
for the first time. We'd been planning the dinner for almost a month. Instead, I
was huddled shivering in a phone booth beside a field, covered in mud and
swamp water from searching all day for my lost falcon.
That was almost forty years ago, when I was seventeen. The sad
thing is, I never got the falcon back — or the girlfriend. And this was not the
first (or last) time something like that happened to me. For many years, this
was the story of my life — a person who lived and breathed to hunt game
with trained hawks and falcons.
I've been a falconer for a very long time. I can't say why exactly,
but something about falconry completely captured my passion and spirit as a
twelve-year-old and has held me enthralled ever since. I think about what
drew me to falconry more and more as I get older. As a kid, I always loved
nature, and I'd been training and handling various animals — dogs,
parakeets, frogs, toads, snakes, lizards, pigeons, sparrows — since early
childhood, but for me, from the time I first put a falcon on my fist, no other
interest ever came close to competing with falconry. Even when I quit flying
birds of prey for a few years at one point in my life, falconry was always
there, lying just below the surface like an incurable affliction temporarily in
remission.
Why is that? What is it about my personality that makes me so
susceptible to this kind of obsession — an addiction really? And what is it
about falconry that seems to attract such over-the-top devotees? An entire
subculture exists outside the mainstream of American society consisting of
people like me who still use the ancient training techniques and language of
falconry. I suspect almost any of us could communicate effectively with most
medieval falconers if we happened to be dropped somehow into a twelfth-
century hawking establishment. But we are not some kind of creative
anachronism society. We borrow freely from both ancient and modern
techniques, equipment, and medical expertise to train and care for our birds.
We just love raptors and thrill to see them hunt game. There aren't many of
us — just a few thousand in the United States — but I can't think of any
group as enthusiastic about their endeavor as falconers.
I'm sure psychologists would have a field day examining our
addiction. I'm still trying to puzzle it out myself. Of course, the birds are
beautiful. To my mind, nothing else in nature rivals the power and elegance of
a raptor in flight. Most people who see a wild falcon dive at prey remember
the sight for the rest of their lives — the sheer speed, the roar of the wind
through the bird's flight feathers, the frightening violence. I'm sure that's all
part of the lure of these birds for me, but there is so much more. I've never
been the kind of person who takes the killing of an animal lightly. I love
animals. I'm fascinated by everything about them, and I've spent much of my
life observing and photographing nature — a passive witness to its wondrous
spectacle. But when I'm flying a raptor, I'm a different animal, as fierce and
determined as a rampaging wolverine to flush game for my bird. If falconry
didn't exist, I would probably never have become a hunter. That's but one of
the many paradoxes in my life I'm still working out.
The magical, intuitive bond that develops between a falconer and a
trained raptor is a great attraction for me and is one of the things that keeps
me getting up before dawn, day after day, on workdays and weekends,
through autumn and early winter, trudging through the fields in all kinds of
weather to fly my eight-year-old peregrine falcon, Macduff. I named him after
the Shakespearian character who killed Macbeth in a ferocious fight at the
end of the play. "Lay on, Macduff," says Macbeth in his famous last
words. "Damned be he who first cries, 'Hold. Enough.' " That's just the way I
feel about it. As long as Macduff is willing to keep flying hard, soaring high
above me and hammering game in blistering vertical power dives, I'll be
damned if I quit hunting with him.
As I step into his flight chamber to pick him up on this blustery
December morning in 2005, he flaps his wings powerfully, eager to fly. I lift
him quickly onto my gauntleted fist, slip a leather hood on his head to keep
him calm, and carry him out to my car. While most of my neighbors still lie
sleeping, I load up my gear and drive away in search of game.
This morning is more special than most. Exactly 755 years
earlier, on December 13, 1250, Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman
Emperor and King of Sicily and Jerusalem, departed this life. I'm sure few
took time to note this anniversary, besides a handful of eccentric falconers
like me, who feel a bond with Frederick that has endured through the
centuries. You see, Frederick II is like the patron saint of falconry — although
the Catholic Church is unlikely to grant him sainthood any time soon; he
spent most of his life at odds with a succession of popes and was
excommunicated twice. He was a lifelong falconer as well as a scientist,
scholar, poet, and architect, and he authored a massive tome on falconry, De
Arte Venandi cum Avibus (On the Art of Hunting with Birds), that is still a
useful guide for training falcons. You could say I've been obsessed with
Frederick II for most of my life — really for as long as I've been a falconer.
I consider Frederick to be the spiritual forebear of all falconry
bums. He lived the life of a transient monarch, with no single city to call his
home: just a series of castles and hunting lodges he visited to go hawking.
It's a telling fact that he suffered the worst defeat of his entire reign when he
went off hawking during the siege of Parma, leaving his camp lightly
defended. The people of the besieged city stormed the camp, slaughtering
Frederick's soldiers, burning everything to the ground, and stealing his entire
treasury — a staggering defeat that he never really got over. It sounds like
something I might have done.
IT IS A chilly morning and several inches of snow lie on the ground as I drive
through the low wooded hills and farmland surrounding Ithaca, New York,
making my usual game-hawking circuit, checking ponds and small creeks for
ducks. Frederick called hunting ducks with a falcon "hawking at the brook."
His falconry treatise — a classic medieval illuminated manuscript — has a
beautiful hand-painted illustration of a medieval falconer who has stripped
naked and is swimming across a lake to get to his peregrine, sitting on a
duck kill on the other side of the water. I'm hoping I won't have to do that
today in the subfreezing weather, but you never know.
Some of the ponds I visit are already frozen, but I know of a few
spring-fed ponds and running creeks that usually have open water well into
winter. At the first pond, in a vast open field surrounded by woodlands, I spot
at least two mallards, though it's difficult to see most of the pond because of
its high banks and the trees and shrubs along the sides. A mallard is big for
Macduff to tackle, weighing more than twice as much as he does. A female
peregrine would be more appropriate for mallard hawking. As with most
hawks and falcons, male peregrines are about one third smaller than female
peregrines and better suited for catching smaller quarry. (The correct term for
a male falcon is tiercel, which comes from the French word tierce,
meaning "third.") But Macduff has taken many mallards over the years, and
I'm sure he'll put on a good effort whether he catches a duck or not.
Parking my car behind the trees, I walk quietly down a path
through the woods. It's quiet. The only sound is the breeze whistling through
the canopy of the trees and the high-pitched tinkle of the brass bells on
Macduff 's legs. Falconers have used bells like these for centuries to help
locate their birds whether they are flying high above or sitting in cover on a
kill. Macduff also wears a tiny radio transmitter, which is like a high-tech bell
I can use to track him down from several miles away with a telemetry
receiver.
When I reach the edge of the field, I slip off Macduff 's hood and
hold him into the wind. He shakes his feathers, looks quickly around in all
directions as he flaps his wings, and explodes powerfully from my fist. He
flies straight away from me for nearly a hundred yards, then starts circling
upward, pumping his wings hard to gain altitude as quickly as possible. If the
ducks or other game spot a falcon before it has gained enough altitude to
make an effective stoop (or power dive), they some- times flush prematurely
and slip away to safety. That won't happen today. He's already high enough
to keep them sitting tightly in the water.
I take a moment to evaluate the situation — to figure out the
direction and strength of the wind and which angle of attack would make the
most sense. Should I flush from the east side of the pond or the west? Which
would give my bird the best chance to catch a duck? A falcon has to know
that its trainer is an effective tactician in the field. If I'm always flushing game
at the wrong time or in a bad situation — or failing to find game at all — a
falcon will quickly lose respect for my abilities and go off hunting for itself.
What would Frederick have done in this situation? I opt to approach the pond
from the east side, giving my bird a downwind stoop on the mallards.
By this time, Macduff is so high I have a hard time spotting him as
he flies in broad circles that are more than a hundred yards wide. I finally see
him, a tiny speck right above me, breasting the wind like a gull. I break for
the pond, sprinting as fast as I can in my neoprene chest waders. I keep low
to the ground, bent over to stay out of sight below the raised bank of the
pond. Taking a last look at Macduff to make sure he's in a good position, I
charge the pond, leaping over the side and plunging up to my waist in the icy
water with a great splash. A dozen mallards — far more than I had seen —
burst from the other side of the pond. I know this will be good.
Macduff is still circling, almost like the ducks aren't there. But it's
just a tactical maneuver; he doesn't want to commit to a stoop if there's a
chance the birds will drop back into the safety of the pond. (Once ducks do
that, it's difficult to flush them again.) The ducks make three or four circles,
seventy feet above the pond, and then break away across the open field,
headed for a nearby river.
I lose sight of Macduff as he folds up and turns downward, going
into a powerful stoop. A second later, I spot him again with my ten-power
binoculars as he plummets earthward, and I hear the amazing whistle of wind
blowing through his flight feathers. When he hits the duck — a huge drake
mallard — with his feet, it sounds like the crack of a Major League batter
hitting a home run. The duck does three or four somersaults and slams into
the ground, while my falcon pulls up from the dive, swooping up perhaps two
or three hundred feet with his wings held back, then drops down onto the
duck.
I run to him as fast as I can, in case I need to help out. But it's all
over; Macduff is biting the back of the duck's neck, severing its spinal cord
with his powerful bill.
It's a nice moment sitting on the ground beside a falcon on a kill.
To me, it's one of the wonders of falconry that a bird this innately wild would
accept my presence so completely. I reach over and help hold the dead
mallard as he plucks its feathers. A few minutes later, I slip my fingers inside
the duck's chest cavity and pull out its heart, which falcons relish, holding it
out for him to eat, steaming in the frosty morning air. After letting him feed on
the duck for a short time, I lift him onto my fist with a piece of meat I had in
my game bag, while hiding the duck carcass from view. Using a falconer's
sleight of hand, I accomplish this without Macduff suspecting for an instant
that he's been robbed. I intend to take the rest home for a duck dinner with
my family.
It's only eight a.m., and I've already had a great flight to start my
day. In another half hour, I'll be back to everyday life, driving to work, and
Macduff will be sitting puffed up on his perch, well fed and contented. It
sounds easy, but not every day goes like this. Far more often, I come home
with an empty game bag. Hundreds of things can go wrong in falconry. But
catching a lot of game is not the reason I fly hawks. "The falconer's primary
aspiration should be to possess hunting birds that he has trained through his
own ingenuity to capture the quarry he desires in the manner he prefers,"
wrote Frederick II. "The actual taking of prey should be a secondary
consideration." These are words I live by. If I wanted to kill a lot of ducks, I'd
get a shotgun. New York State's bag limit for mallards is currently four per
day, a number that can easily be reached with a firearm. With a falcon, I'm
happy if I take one. For me, seeing a great flight is everything, whether the
falcon catches its quarry or not.
Some people say it's unfair and cruel to attack poor, defenseless
waterfowl with a trained falcon. Ducks are anything but defenseless —
especially when pitted against a predator like a falcon with which they've
evolved side by side for countless millennia. All of the world's wild animals
are hard-wired with strategies for survival. Mallards are big and fast and
tough. They can take a hard pounding and escape unscathed. It's an
enormous challenge for Macduff to tackle and hold a mallard. Smaller ducks
have different strategies. Green-winged teal are quick and slippery; they can
turn on a dime and will throw themselves hard onto the ground and come out
flying in the opposite direction, leaving a falcon baffled. Pintails are intelligent
and spooky, making them more difficult to approach. I'm endlessly fascinated
by what animals will do to escape a predator; it is in those situations that
you see them at their best. I rarely have any regrets when a duck or other
prey eludes my falcon.
To me, falconry at its highest level is an art form in which the
canvas is the entire sky. For my part as a falconer, I set everything up and let
the falcon complete the work of art. I'm not the first person to describe
falconry as an art. Again, that would be Frederick II, who considered falconry
the noblest of arts. When I first became interested in falconry as a twelve-
year-old in the early 1960s, the only book on the subject I could find at the
local library was a 1943 edition of Frederick's book, which translators Casey
A. Wood and F. Marjorie Fyfe titled The Art of Falconry. It took months, but I
read it from cover to cover and then went back to study the sections that
interested me most. What an amazing piece of literature. It covers much
more than falconry — it is a scientific work of the first order and one of the
first works of ornithology, looking at the behavior, anatomy, and physiology of
birds.
I view Frederick as an old friend. Through his book, written in the
thirteenth century, he taught me how to train falcons. I made my first jesses
(the thin leather straps put on a falcon's legs) from his patterns. I took my
first game with a falcon using his carefully written advice. But more than that,
I think Frederick II — and the sport of falconry he championed — helped me
through some of the most trying times in my life. I believe if it were not for
falconry I would not be alive today.
As I sat in the field with Macduff on the anniversary of Frederick's
death, I was fifty-five years old — the same age as Frederick when he
passed away. Besides being a sobering reminder of my own mortality, it
made me think there would never be a better time to take stock of who I am
and to examine the central role falconry has played through most of my life.
Did I have an innate affinity with birds of prey that made it inevitable for me to
become a falconer? I used to think so. Or was falconry just a way for me to
escape a brutal, depressing childhood — a way to create my own private
world, forging deep relationships with the wildest, freest creatures in nature?
I didn't know the answers to any of these questions, but I wanted
badly to find out. At that moment an idea started taking shape in my mind. I
would begin a personal quest, examining experiences in my life that I'd
blocked from my mind for decades. I would spend a year on a journey of self-
discovery, using falconry and Frederick II as keys to my psyche. To
accomplish this, I knew I would first have to trace my earliest memories as a
boy in England and relive my many personal trials and tragedies. It would not
be easy — at times it would be harrowing — but I knew it was the only way I
would ever come to a full understanding of who I am and why.
A lot of people will be surprised by the revelations I unveil in this
book — especially those who didn't know me when I was growing up and got
into serious trouble with the law. I have since become what most would
consider a model citizen, working at a respected university and raising my
family in an idyllic farm village in upstate New York. It wasn't always like that.
During my year of personal exploration, I decided I would immerse
myself in falconry in a way I had not done since my teens and twenties. I
saw it all taking shape in my imagination. I would travel to Wyoming and
watch falconers hunt hard-flying winter sage grouse — perhaps the pinnacle
of the sport in modern times. I would visit the heather-covered Highlands of
Scotland and see trained peregrine falcons stoop from the clouds at red
grouse as my falconry forebears had done for ages. I would go crow hawking
on horseback in northern England, watching the dark birds circle up into the
sky with a falcon in pursuit. I would attend the annual field meet of the North
American Falconers' Association as I had done as a sixteen-year-old some
forty years earlier. And I would finish by traveling through the fertile lands of
southern Italy that Frederick adored, visiting the place where he was born,
the place he died, the amazing castles he built, and finally the red porphyry
sarcophagus that holds his earthly remains to gain a fuller understanding of
what falconry and Frederick II mean to me.
This would be my Frederick II year, an exploration of the inner
workings of my own mind and spirit and the nature of the art that Frederick
and I share. Why was I drawn to predatory birds at such an early age? Why
did they become such an overwhelming passion, eclipsing everything else in
my life? What was it that made me want to join falcons in the chase — to
hunt other animals with them? I can't explain it, but I know Frederick felt the
same sense of awe and mystery about falconry as I; I'm only following in his
footsteps.
Continues...
Excerpted from Falcon Fever by Tim Gallagher Copyright © 2008 by Tim Gallagher. Excerpted by permission.
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