Front cover image for X-rays, health effects of common exams

X-rays, health effects of common exams

One-of-a-kind handbook unequaled for practical use by professionals and concerned laypeople. Essentially a usable supplement to Gofman's Radiation and Human Health, it is designed to provide the data needed for evaluating health effects (specifically, risk of cancer) from diagnostic X-rays and to identify opportunities for dose reduction. Easily understood instructions for adjustments and conversions are given. An immense amount of information is organized according to type of X-ray, body part, sex, age, and risk of future disease
Print Book, English, ©1985
Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, ©1985
vii, 439 pages ; 24 cm
9780871568380, 0871568381
11370090
Section 1: Introduction
Foreword, January, 1990
2(3)
The Five Most Important Conclusions of This Book
5
The Role of Independent Analyses in Research on Toxic Agents
2(1)
The Intended Readership
3
Section 2: The Atomic-Bomb Survivors-A Study and Its Alteration
Overview of a Uniquely Valuable Database
2(9)
A Growing Problem: Retroactive Alteration of the Study
11
What Will Happen to the A-Bomb Database? A Pending Proposal
2(1)
Section 3: Preparing the Database for Analysis
Collecting All the Required Data from RERF
2(7)
Dosimetry: From Bomb, to Kerma, to Internal Organ-Dose
9
Converting T65DR Mean Kerma Values to Mean Internal Organ-Doses
2(1)
Obtaining Mean DS86 Doses for the T65DR Cohorts
2(2)
Achievement of Age-and Sex-Matching across the Dose-Groups
4(1)
Section 4: Cancer-Risk and Dose-Response in Both Dosimetries
The Focus on Two Central Questions
5(2)
Analysis and Results by the Cancer Difference Method
7(2)
Shape of the Dose-Response Relationship, and Low-Dose Cancer-Yields Based on the Best-Fit Curve
9(1)
Radiation Risk by Age and Sex, from the Cancer-Rate Ratio Method
9
Low-Dose Cancer-Yields by the Cancer-Rate Ratio Method, for A-Bomb Survivors and for the United States
5(4)
The Duration of Radiation's Carcinogenic Effect
9(9)
Section 5: Disproof of Any Safe Dose or Dose-Rate
Disproof of Any Safe Dose or Dose-Rate of lonizing Radiation, with Respect to Induction of Cancer in Humans
18
Auxiliary Chapters on the Threshold Issue
The Special Interaction of lonizing Radiation with Living Tissue
8
Various Radiation Sources: Primary Electron-Tracks per Nucleus per Rad
7(13)
Decisive Epidemiological Evidence from Humans
20(5)
Section 6: The Fallacy of Risk-Reduction Factors for Low and Slow Exposures
The Popularity of Risk-Reduction Factors in the Radiation Community
25
Proper Risk-Estimates for ``Low and Slow'' Exposures: No Conflict between Human Epidemiology and the Linear-Quadratic Hypothesis from Radiobiology
15(5)
Section 7: Practical Impacts on Human Health
Chernobyl: A Crossroad in the Radiation Health Sciences
20
Main Text: A Closing Statement
17
Section 8: Supporting Chapters
Master Table and Special RERF Data for the A-Bomb Study
1(3)
Significance of Elevated Cancer Death-Rate in Various Dose-Groups, and Confidence-Limits on Cancer-Yields (Cancer Difference Method)
4
Estimated Spontaneous Cancer-Mortality in the A-Bomb Reference Group, for a Completed Lifespan Follow-Up
2(2)
Curvilinear Regression and Equations of Best Fit
4
The Shape of Dose-Response, in Cancers per 10,000 Person-Years
1(2)
Dose-Increment for Small Body-Size in Age-Band 0-9 Years ATB
3(1)
Calculation of Primary Electrons per Photon, and Their Energies
3(7)
Calculation of Range for Each High-Speed Electron
10
Allusions to the Possible Existence of Safe Doses and Dose-Rates
9(12)
Hormesis: The Nature of Speculations about Undemonstrated ``Beneficial Effects''
21(12)
Assessing Chernobyl's Cancer Consequences, September 9, 1986
33
Membership on Various Radiation Committees
9(1)
References10(2)
Index and Glossary12