Papermaking : the history and technique of an ancient craft

Before paper: the writing substances of the ancients

Ts'ai Lun and the invention of paper: the influence of calligraphy upon paper and the influence of paper upon printing

Empress Shōtoku and her million printed prayers: the first text printing upon paper to be executed in the world

The hand-mould: the papermakers' most essential tool, upon which rest the two thousand years of papermaking history

The maceration of materials for papermaking: from the primitive mortar and pestle of ancient China to the improved Hollander of Europe

Early papermaking processes and methods

Paper: a sacred material: the use of paper in the Orient for ceremonies and purposes unknown in the western world

The paper and the papermakers of Europe and America during the early years of printing

Ancient watermarks: six and a half centuries of mystic symbols

Latter-day watermarks: the nineteenth-century development of watermarks into an artistic and technical achievement

Papermaking materials: with the eighteenth-century development of printing, occidental papermakers were forced to begin their search for vegetable fibres never before used

The paper-machine and its inventor, Nicholas-Louis Robert; the paper-machine revolutionizes printing

Printing revolutionizes papermaking, and the world-wide quest for new papermaking fibres begins in earnest

The watermarking of machine-made papers and the use of watermarks in detecting forgery

Present-day papermaking by hand in Europe

Handmade papers vs. machine-made papers, paper made by the ancient traditional methods still has a limited use, but the paper-machine has altered every phase of life

Chronology of papermaking, paper, and the use of paper