skip to content
Biodiversity and traditional knowledge : equitable partnerships in practice Preview this item
ClosePreview this item
Checking...

Biodiversity and traditional knowledge : equitable partnerships in practice

Author: Sarah A Laird
Publisher: London ; Sterling, VA : Earthscan Publications, 2002.
Series: People and plants conservation series.
Edition/Format:  Print book : EnglishView all editions and formats
Summary:
"The book offers practical guidance on how to arrive at equitable biodiversity research and prospecting partnerships. Drawing on experience and lessons learned from around the world, it provides case studies, analysis and recommendations in a range of areas that together form a new framework for creating equity in these partnersips. They include researcher codes of ethics, institutional policies, community research  Read more...
Rating:

(not yet rated) 0 with reviews - Be the first.

Subjects
More like this

Find a copy in the library

&AllPage.SpinnerRetrieving; Finding libraries that hold this item...

Details

Additional Physical Format: Online version:
Biodiversity and traditional knowledge : equitable partnerships in practice / edited by Sarah A. Laird.
London ; Sterling, VA : Earthscan Publications, 2002
(OCoLC)631155238
Document Type: Book
All Authors / Contributors: Sarah A Laird
ISBN: 1853836982 9781853836985 1853839140 9781853839146
OCLC Number: 48468751
Description: xxxix, 504 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.
Contents: The People and Plants Initiative / Alan Hamilton --
Foreword / Maurice M. Iwu --
Laying the foundation: equitable biodiversity research relationships / Miguel N. Alexiades and Sarah A. Laird --
Professional society standards for biodiversity research: codes of ethics and research guidelines / Sarah A. Laird and Darrell A. Posey --
Institutional policies for biodiversity research / Sarah A. Laird and Rachel Wynberg --
Publication of biodiversity research results and the flow of knowledge / Sarah A. Laird [and others] --
'Giving back': making research results relevant to local groups and conservation / Patricia Shanley and Sarah A. Laird --
Protected area research policies: developing a basis for equity and accountability / Sarah A. Laird and Estherine E. Lisinge --
Building equitable research relationships with indigenous peoples and local communities: prior informed consent and research agreements / Sarah A. Laird and Flavia Noejovich. Prior informed consent: the anthropology and politics of cross-cultural exchange / Miguel N. Alexiades and Daniela M. Peluso. Indigenous peoples' declarations and statements on equitable research relationships / Graham Dutfield. Prior informed consent: protocol and form / Marianne Guerin-McManus and Dillon Kim --
Biodiversity prospecting: the commercial use of genetic resources and best practice in benefit-sharing / Sarah A. Laird and Kerry ten Kate --
Biodiversity prospecting contracts: the search for equitable agreements / Brendan Tobin --
Elements of commercial biodiversity prospecting agreements / Michael A. Gollin. Outline of issues to address and language to consider in a biodiversity prospecting agreement / Michael A. Gollin --
Sharing financial benefits: trust funds for biodiversity prospecting / Marianne Guerin-McManus, Kent C. Nnadozie and Sarah A. Laird --
Developing and implementing national measures for genetic resources access regulation and benefit-sharing / Charles V. Barber, Lyle Glowka and Antonio G.M. La Viña --
Conclusion and recommendations / Sarah A. Laird [and others].
Series Title: People and plants conservation series.
Responsibility: edited by Sarah A. Laird.

Abstract:

Offers practical guidance on how to arrive at equitable biodiversity research and prospecting partnerships. Drawing on experience and lessons learned from around the world, this book provides case  Read more...

Reviews

Editorial reviews

Publisher Synopsis

'A thorough manual.'ECOS, A Review of Conservation'[An] outstanding book.'Journal of Ethnobiology'Hugely valuable as an atlas.'Agriculture, Ecosytems and Environment Journal'Gives some practical Read more...

 
User-contributed reviews

Tags

Be the first.
Confirm this request

You may have already requested this item. Please select Ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway.

Linked Data


\n\n

Primary Entity<\/h3>\n
<http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/48468751<\/a>> # Biodiversity and traditional knowledge : equitable partnerships in practice<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Book<\/a>, schema:CreativeWork<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nlibrary:oclcnum<\/a> \"48468751<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nlibrary:placeOfPublication<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Place\/sterling_va<\/a>> ; # Sterling, VA<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nlibrary:placeOfPublication<\/a> <http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/countries\/enk<\/a>> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nlibrary:placeOfPublication<\/a> <http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/resource\/London<\/a>> ; # London<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/ressources_genetiques<\/a>> ; # Ressources g\u00E9n\u00E9tiques<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/ethnic_groups<\/a>> ; # Ethnic Groups<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/traditional_knowledge<\/a>> ; # Traditional knowledge<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/genetic_variation<\/a>> ; # Genetic Variation<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/dewey.info\/class\/333.95\/e21\/<\/a>> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/id.worldcat.org\/fast\/942171<\/a>> ; # Germplasm resources<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/ethnology<\/a>> ; # Ethnology<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/id.worldcat.org\/fast\/1429860<\/a>> ; # Biodiversity<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/ressources_vegetales<\/a>> ; # Ressources v\u00E9g\u00E9tales<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/diversite_biologique<\/a>> ; # Diversit\u00E9 biologique<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/biodiversite<\/a>> ; # Biodiversit\u00E9<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/prospection_geochimique<\/a>> ; # Prospection g\u00E9ochimique<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:bookFormat<\/a> bgn:PrintBook<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:contributor<\/a> <http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/64330536<\/a>> ; # Sarah A. Laird<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:datePublished<\/a> \"2002<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:description<\/a> \"The People and Plants Initiative \/ Alan Hamilton -- Foreword \/ Maurice M. Iwu -- Laying the foundation: equitable biodiversity research relationships \/ Miguel N. Alexiades and Sarah A. Laird -- Professional society standards for biodiversity research: codes of ethics and research guidelines \/ Sarah A. Laird and Darrell A. Posey -- Institutional policies for biodiversity research \/ Sarah A. Laird and Rachel Wynberg -- Publication of biodiversity research results and the flow of knowledge \/ Sarah A. Laird [and others] -- \'Giving back\': making research results relevant to local groups and conservation \/ Patricia Shanley and Sarah A. Laird -- Protected area research policies: developing a basis for equity and accountability \/ Sarah A. Laird and Estherine E. Lisinge -- Building equitable research relationships with indigenous peoples and local communities: prior informed consent and research agreements \/ Sarah A. Laird and Flavia Noejovich. Prior informed consent: the anthropology and politics of cross-cultural exchange \/ Miguel N. Alexiades and Daniela M. Peluso. Indigenous peoples\' declarations and statements on equitable research relationships \/ Graham Dutfield. Prior informed consent: protocol and form \/ Marianne Guerin-McManus and Dillon Kim -- Biodiversity prospecting: the commercial use of genetic resources and best practice in benefit-sharing \/ Sarah A. Laird and Kerry ten Kate -- Biodiversity prospecting contracts: the search for equitable agreements \/ Brendan Tobin -- Elements of commercial biodiversity prospecting agreements \/ Michael A. Gollin. Outline of issues to address and language to consider in a biodiversity prospecting agreement \/ Michael A. Gollin -- Sharing financial benefits: trust funds for biodiversity prospecting \/ Marianne Guerin-McManus, Kent C. Nnadozie and Sarah A. Laird -- Developing and implementing national measures for genetic resources access regulation and benefit-sharing \/ Charles V. Barber, Lyle Glowka and Antonio G.M. La Vi\u00F1a -- Conclusion and recommendations \/ Sarah A. Laird [and others].<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:description<\/a> \"\"The book offers practical guidance on how to arrive at equitable biodiversity research and prospecting partnerships. Drawing on experience and lessons learned from around the world, it provides case studies, analysis and recommendations in a range of areas that together form a new framework for creating equity in these partnersips. They include researcher codes of ethics, institutional policies, community research agreements, the design of more effective commercial pertnerships and biodiversity prospecting contracts, the drafting and implementation of national \"access and benefit-sharing\' laws, and the institutional tools for the distribution of financial benefits.\"--Back cover.<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:exampleOfWork<\/a> <http:\/\/worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/id\/684955743<\/a>> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:inLanguage<\/a> \"en<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:isPartOf<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Series\/people_and_plants_conservation_series<\/a>> ; # People and plants conservation series.<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:isSimilarTo<\/a> <http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/631155238<\/a>> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Biodiversity and traditional knowledge : equitable partnerships in practice<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:productID<\/a> \"48468751<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:publication<\/a> <http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/-\/oclc\/48468751#PublicationEvent\/london_sterling_va_earthscan_publications_2002<\/a>> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:publisher<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Agent\/earthscan_publications<\/a>> ; # Earthscan Publications<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:workExample<\/a> <http:\/\/worldcat.org\/isbn\/9781853839146<\/a>> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:workExample<\/a> <http:\/\/worldcat.org\/isbn\/9781853836985<\/a>> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\numbel:isLike<\/a> <http:\/\/bnb.data.bl.uk\/id\/resource\/GBA214285<\/a>> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nwdrs:describedby<\/a> <http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/-\/oclc\/48468751<\/a>> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n

Related Entities<\/h3>\n
<http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/resource\/London<\/a>> # London<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Place<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"London<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/dewey.info\/class\/333.95\/e21\/<\/a>>\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Agent\/earthscan_publications<\/a>> # Earthscan Publications<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nbgn:Agent<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Earthscan Publications<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Place\/sterling_va<\/a>> # Sterling, VA<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Place<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Sterling, VA<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Series\/people_and_plants_conservation_series<\/a>> # People and plants conservation series.<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nbgn:PublicationSeries<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:hasPart<\/a> <http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/48468751<\/a>> ; # Biodiversity and traditional knowledge : equitable partnerships in practice<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"People and plants conservation series.<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"People and plants conservation series<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/biodiversite<\/a>> # Biodiversit\u00E9<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Biodiversit\u00E9<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Biodiversit\u00E9<\/span>\"@fr<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/diversite_biologique<\/a>> # Diversit\u00E9 biologique<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Diversit\u00E9 biologique<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/ethnic_groups<\/a>> # Ethnic Groups<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Ethnic Groups<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/ethnology<\/a>> # Ethnology<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Ethnology<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/genetic_variation<\/a>> # Genetic Variation<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Genetic Variation<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/prospection_geochimique<\/a>> # Prospection g\u00E9ochimique<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Prospection g\u00E9ochimique<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/ressources_genetiques<\/a>> # Ressources g\u00E9n\u00E9tiques<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Ressources g\u00E9n\u00E9tiques<\/span>\"@fr<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/ressources_vegetales<\/a>> # Ressources v\u00E9g\u00E9tales<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Ressources v\u00E9g\u00E9tales<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Topic\/traditional_knowledge<\/a>> # Traditional knowledge<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Traditional knowledge<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/id.loc.gov\/vocabulary\/countries\/enk<\/a>>\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Place<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\ndcterms:identifier<\/a> \"enk<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/id.worldcat.org\/fast\/1429860<\/a>> # Biodiversity<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Biodiversity<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/id.worldcat.org\/fast\/942171<\/a>> # Germplasm resources<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Intangible<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Germplasm resources<\/span>\"@en<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/64330536<\/a>> # Sarah A. Laird<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:Person<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:familyName<\/a> \"Laird<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:givenName<\/a> \"Sarah A.<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:name<\/a> \"Sarah A. Laird<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/worldcat.org\/isbn\/9781853836985<\/a>>\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:ProductModel<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:isbn<\/a> \"1853836982<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:isbn<\/a> \"9781853836985<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/worldcat.org\/isbn\/9781853839146<\/a>>\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:ProductModel<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:isbn<\/a> \"1853839140<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:isbn<\/a> \"9781853839146<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/631155238<\/a>>\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:CreativeWork<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nrdfs:label<\/a> \"Biodiversity and traditional knowledge : equitable partnerships in practice \/ edited by Sarah A. Laird.<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:description<\/a> \"Online version:<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:isSimilarTo<\/a> <http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/48468751<\/a>> ; # Biodiversity and traditional knowledge : equitable partnerships in practice<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/-\/oclc\/48468751<\/a>>\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \ngenont:InformationResource<\/a>, genont:ContentTypeGenericResource<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:about<\/a> <http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/48468751<\/a>> ; # Biodiversity and traditional knowledge : equitable partnerships in practice<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:dateModified<\/a> \"2020-10-20<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nvoid:inDataset<\/a> <http:\/\/purl.oclc.org\/dataset\/WorldCat<\/a>> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n
<http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/-\/oclc\/48468751#PublicationEvent\/london_sterling_va_earthscan_publications_2002<\/a>>\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a \nschema:PublicationEvent<\/a> ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:location<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Place\/sterling_va<\/a>> ; # Sterling, VA<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:location<\/a> <http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/resource\/London<\/a>> ; # London<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:organizer<\/a> <http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/684955743#Agent\/earthscan_publications<\/a>> ; # Earthscan Publications<\/span>\n\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\nschema:startDate<\/a> \"2002<\/span>\" ;\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0.\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n

Content-negotiable representations<\/p>\n