| Dedication | | v | |
| Foreword | | vii | |
| Acknowledgments | | xi | |
| The Editor | | xiii | |
| Contributors | | xv | |
| Introduction to Forensic Botany |
| | 1 | (8) |
|
| | 1 | (1) |
| | 2 | (1) |
| Plants as Trace/Transfer Evidence |
| | 2 | (1) |
| | 2 | (1) |
| | 3 | (4) |
| | 3 | (1) |
| | 4 | (1) |
| | 4 | (1) |
| | 5 | (1) |
| | 6 | (1) |
| | 6 | (1) |
| | 7 | (2) |
| | 9 | (20) |
|
| | 10 | (1) |
| The Process of Photosynthesis |
| | 11 | (1) |
| General Plant Classification Schemes |
| | 12 | (1) |
| Plant Survival Strategies |
| | 13 | (1) |
| Subspecialties of Forensic Botany |
| | 14 | (1) |
| | 14 | (1) |
| | 14 | (1) |
| | 14 | (1) |
| | 15 | (1) |
| | 15 | (1) |
| | 15 | (1) |
| | 15 | (2) |
| | 15 | (1) |
| | 16 | (1) |
| | 16 | (1) |
| | 17 | (1) |
| Practical Plant Classification Schemes |
| | 17 | (8) |
| | 18 | (1) |
| Fruit-Bearing Trees and Plants |
| | 19 | (1) |
| Landscaping Plants: Trees, Shrubs, and Vines |
| | 19 | (1) |
| | 20 | (1) |
| | 20 | (2) |
| | 22 | (3) |
| Historical Case Report: Poisoning by Cicuta maculatum |
| | 25 | (1) |
| Historical Case Report: A Botanical Mystery --- the Great Hedge of India |
| | 26 | (1) |
| | 26 | (3) |
| Plant Cell Structure and Function |
| | 29 | (16) |
|
| Introduction to Plant Cell Components |
| | 30 | (4) |
| | 31 | (1) |
| | 31 | (1) |
| | 32 | (1) |
| | 32 | (1) |
| | 32 | (1) |
| | 32 | (1) |
| | 33 | (1) |
| | 33 | (1) |
| | 33 | (1) |
| | 34 | (1) |
| | 34 | (1) |
| | 34 | (6) |
| | 34 | (1) |
| | 35 | (1) |
| Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma |
| | 36 | (1) |
| | 37 | (1) |
| | 37 | (1) |
| | 38 | (1) |
| | 39 | (1) |
| | 39 | (1) |
| Common Staining Techniques and Laboratory Exercises |
| | 40 | (2) |
| | 40 | (1) |
| | 41 | (1) |
| | 41 | (1) |
| | 41 | (1) |
| | 42 | (1) |
| | 42 | (1) |
| | 42 | (3) |
| Modes of Plant Reproduction |
| | 45 | (14) |
|
| | 46 | (1) |
| Forms of Plant Propagation |
| | 46 | (4) |
| | 46 | (2) |
| | 48 | (1) |
| | 48 | (1) |
| | 49 | (1) |
| | 49 | (1) |
| | 49 | (1) |
| | 50 | (1) |
| Plant Cell and Tissue Culture |
| | 50 | (1) |
| | 50 | (1) |
| | 51 | (1) |
| | 51 | (1) |
| Databases as Repositories for DNA Information |
| | 51 | (2) |
| | 52 | (1) |
| | 52 | (1) |
| PIR and Swiss-Prot Databanks |
| | 52 | (1) |
| | 52 | (1) |
| Plant DNA C-Values Database |
| | 52 | (1) |
| TIGR (The Institute for Genomic Research) |
| | 53 | (1) |
| Extraction of Plant DNA from Dried Plant Rhizomes |
| | 53 | (2) |
| The Future of Plant Biology |
| | 55 | (1) |
| | 56 | (1) |
| | 57 | (2) |
| DNA Structure and Function |
| | 59 | (22) |
| Part 1 Fundamental Genetics |
| | 59 | (1) |
|
| | 59 | (1) |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Structure |
| | 60 | (2) |
| | 62 | (1) |
| | 63 | (2) |
| | 65 | (1) |
| | 66 | (2) |
| | 68 | (3) |
| Part 2 Molecular Biology Basics |
| | 71 | (1) |
|
| | 71 | (1) |
| | 72 | (1) |
| Detection of Genetic Polymorphisms |
| | 73 | (1) |
| | 74 | (2) |
| | 74 | (1) |
| | 75 | (1) |
| A History of DNA --- Timeline |
| | 76 | (3) |
| | 79 | (2) |
| | 79 | (2) |
| | 81 | (16) |
|
| | 81 | (1) |
| The Plant Kingdom Classification System |
| | 82 | (7) |
| Extant and Extinct Species |
| | 82 | (1) |
| | 83 | (5) |
| Plant Phylogenetic Resources |
| | 88 | (1) |
| Case History: Tracking the History of Grape Cultivars |
| | 89 | (1) |
| Case History: Tracking the History of the Potato |
| | 90 | (2) |
| Case History: The Origin of Rice |
| | 92 | (1) |
| Case History: Evolution of Corn (Zea mays) |
| | 92 | (1) |
| | 93 | (1) |
| The Molecular Measure of Genetic Diversity |
| | 93 | (3) |
| SSR Markers for the Fungal Endophyte, Sphaeropsis Sapinea |
| | 94 | (1) |
| Microsatellites in the Cultivated Peanut |
| | 94 | (1) |
| The Use of Microsatellites to Study Inter- and Intraspecific Genetic Variation |
| | 94 | (1) |
| Molecular Markers in Tree Species Used for Wood |
| | 95 | (1) |
| | 96 | (1) |
| | 96 | (1) |
| The Use of Biological and Botanical Evidence in Criminal Investigations |
| | 97 | (20) |
|
|
| | 98 | (2) |
| Physical Evidence and Crime Scenes |
| | 100 | (1) |
| Sources of Biological and Botanical Evidence |
| | 101 | (1) |
| Transfer of Biological and Botanical Evidence |
| | 101 | (1) |
| | 101 | (1) |
| | 102 | (1) |
| | 102 | (1) |
| Recognition of Botanical Evidence at Crime Scenes |
| | 103 | (1) |
| Documentation of Biological and Botanical Evidence |
| | 103 | (2) |
| Collection and Preservation of Biological and Botanical Evidence |
| | 105 | (2) |
| General Biological Samples |
| | 105 | (1) |
| | 105 | (1) |
| Outdoor Crime Scene Considerations |
| | 106 | (1) |
| | 106 | (1) |
| | 107 | (1) |
| General DNA Typing Considerations |
| | 107 | (1) |
| Plant DNA Typing Considerations |
| | 108 | (1) |
| Preparation of Genomic DNA from Plant Tissue |
| | 108 | (9) |
| An Overview of Historical Developments in Forensic DNA Analysis |
| | 117 | (20) |
|
| | 118 | (1) |
| | 118 | (1) |
| The First Forensic DNA Analysis --- RFLP Analysis |
| | 118 | (3) |
| Jeffreys' Minisatellite Loci |
| | 118 | (1) |
| | 119 | (2) |
| | 121 | (2) |
| The Forensic Science Service and Cellmark in the U.K. |
| | 121 | (1) |
| Lifecodes and Cellmark in the U.S. |
| | 122 | (1) |
| The North American Publicly Funded Crime Laboratories |
| | 122 | (1) |
| Hybridization Technologies |
| | 123 | (2) |
| Single- vs. Multilocus Probes and Effects of Hybridization Stringency |
| | 123 | (1) |
| | 124 | (1) |
| The Polymerase Chain Reaction |
| | 125 | (3) |
| | 125 | (1) |
| First Forensic Application of PCR Technology |
| | 125 | (1) |
| | 126 | (2) |
| | 128 | (1) |
| Natural Resource Protection |
| | 128 | (1) |
| | 129 | (1) |
| Standards and Accreditation |
| | 129 | (2) |
| Validation Studies for Nonhuman Evidence |
| | 129 | (2) |
| Future Trends and Challenges |
| | 131 | (1) |
| | 132 | (5) |
| DNA and the Identification of Plant Species from Stomach Contents |
| | 137 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
| | 138 | (2) |
| Forensic Ecology for Dating of Human Remains |
| | 138 | (2) |
| | 140 | (1) |
| Part II: Types of Plant Evidence Found in the Stomach |
| | 140 | (2) |
| | 141 | (1) |
| Collection and Processing of Fecal Matter |
| | 142 | (1) |
| | 142 | (2) |
| Blueberry Seeds Unravel a Child Abuse Case |
| | 142 | (1) |
| Was McDonald's a Last Meal? |
| | 143 | (1) |
| | 143 | (1) |
| Death by Accidental or Intentional Drowning? |
| | 143 | (1) |
| Part III: Current Research in Gastric Forensics |
| | 144 | (5) |
| | 144 | (1) |
| | 145 | (2) |
| | 147 | (2) |
| | 149 | (1) |
| | 149 | (2) |
| Plant Identification by DNA |
| | 151 | (16) |
| Part 1 Identification of Plant Species from Particulate Material Using Molecular Methods |
| | 151 | (1) |
|
| | 152 | (2) |
| | 154 | (4) |
| | 155 | (1) |
| | 155 | (1) |
| | 156 | (2) |
| Summary --- The Use of Molecular Systematics to Aid in Forensic Investigations |
| | 158 | (1) |
| | 158 | (1) |
| Part 2 Species Identification of Marijuana by DNA Analysis |
| | 159 | (1) |
|
| Molecular Marijuana Identification |
| | 159 | (2) |
| | 161 | (2) |
| Part 3 Case Study: DNA Profiling to Link Drug Seizures in the United Kingdom |
| | 163 | (1) |
|
|
|
| | 163 | (1) |
| | 164 | (1) |
| | 165 | (1) |
| | 166 | (1) |
| The Green Revolution: Botanical Contributions to Forensics and Drug Enforcement |
| | 167 | (18) |
| Part 1 Classic Forensic Botany Cases |
| | 167 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
| | 167 | (1) |
| Plant Anatomy and Systematics |
| | 168 | (2) |
| | 170 | (1) |
| | 171 | (1) |
| | 172 | (1) |
| Plant Molecular Biology and DNA |
| | 173 | (1) |
| | 174 | (1) |
| | 175 | (1) |
| | 176 | (3) |
| Part 2 Additional Case Studies |
| | 179 | (1) |
|
| | 179 | (3) |
| Trace Botanical Evidence to Link a Body to a Suspect |
| | 182 | (1) |
| Forensic Archeology and Burial Sites |
| | 182 | (1) |
| | 183 | (2) |
| Tracking Clonally Propagated Marijuana Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Analysis |
| | 185 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
| | 186 | (2) |
| | 188 | (2) |
| | 188 | (1) |
| DNA Extraction and Estimate of DNA Yield |
| | 188 | (1) |
| | 189 | (1) |
| | 190 | (1) |
| | 190 | (3) |
| Tissue Source and Presence of Plant Resin Do Not Affect the AFLP Profile |
| | 190 | (1) |
| Genetic Evidence of Clonal Marijuana Propagation |
| | 191 | (2) |
| Unrelated Marijuana Samples Have Different AFLP Profiles |
| | 193 | (1) |
| | 193 | (1) |
| | 194 | (1) |
| | 194 | (3) |
| Legal Considerations for Acceptance of New Forensic Methods in Court |
| | 197 | (20) |
|
|
| | 198 | (1) |
| | 198 | (2) |
| | 200 | (5) |
| | 201 | (1) |
| | 202 | (1) |
| | 202 | (2) |
| | 204 | (1) |
| | 204 | (1) |
| | 204 | (1) |
| Applying These Standards to Nonhuman DNA Analysis |
| | 205 | (1) |
| | 206 | (2) |
| Landmark Cases for Nonhuman DNA Typing |
| | 208 | (3) |
| | 208 | (2) |
| | 210 | (1) |
| | 210 | (1) |
| Further Court Cases Addressing Concerns with Nonhuman DNA |
| | 211 | (2) |
| Future Legal Issues Relating to Nonhuman DNA Testing |
| | 213 | (1) |
| | 214 | (3) |
| | 217 | (36) |
|
|
|
| | 218 | (1) |
| History and Utilization of Forensic Palynology |
| | 219 | (3) |
| Pollen and Spores --- What, Where, and Why? |
| | 222 | (6) |
| The Biological Role of Pollen |
| | 222 | (1) |
| The Physical Characteristics of Pollen |
| | 223 | (1) |
| | 223 | (1) |
| | 224 | (1) |
| | 224 | (1) |
| | 224 | (1) |
| Wall Composition and Preservation |
| | 224 | (1) |
| | 225 | (1) |
| Pollen Production and Dispersal |
| | 225 | (1) |
| Water-Pollination (Hydrogamous) |
| | 226 | (1) |
| Self-Pollination (Autogamous) |
| | 226 | (1) |
| Closed-Pollination (Cleistogamous) |
| | 227 | (1) |
| Animal/Insect Pollination (Zoogamous) |
| | 227 | (1) |
| Wind-Pollination (Anemophilous) |
| | 227 | (1) |
| Pollen Analysis --- How It Works |
| | 228 | (6) |
| Palynomorph Assemblages: The ``Fingerprints'' of Localities |
| | 228 | (1) |
| Sample Preparation for Pollen Analysis |
| | 229 | (2) |
| Interpreting Forensic Pollen Assemblages |
| | 231 | (1) |
| | 231 | (3) |
| The Significance of the Evidence |
| | 234 | (1) |
| Situations in Which Palynology Can Assist an Investigation |
| | 234 | (1) |
| | 235 | (4) |
| | 235 | (1) |
| | 235 | (1) |
| | 236 | (1) |
| Case History: Muddy Motorbike |
| | 236 | (1) |
| Clothing and Woven Material |
| | 236 | (1) |
| Case History: Algal Assault |
| | 237 | (1) |
| Fibers from Rope, Carpets, Fur, and Animal and Human Hair |
| | 237 | (1) |
| Case History: Sheepish Sale |
| | 237 | (1) |
| | 238 | (1) |
| Case History: Canned by Cannabis Pollen |
| | 238 | (1) |
| Case History: Traveling Cocaine |
| | 239 | (1) |
| | 239 | (1) |
| Case History: Soiled Machinery |
| | 239 | (1) |
| Comparison of Pollen Assemblages from Control and Exhibit Samples: An Example |
| | 239 | (1) |
| Sample Collection and Storage |
| | 240 | (5) |
| | 241 | (1) |
| Collection of Pollen from Soil, Mud, and Water Samples |
| | 241 | (2) |
| Storage of Soil, Mud, and Water Samples |
| | 243 | (1) |
| | 243 | (1) |
| Collection and Storage of Plant Reference Specimens |
| | 243 | (1) |
| Additional Collection Tips for Palynology |
| | 244 | (1) |
| The Use of Multiple Collection and Extraction Methods |
| | 245 | (1) |
| Examination of Forensic Samples |
| | 245 | (1) |
| The Future of Forensic Palynology |
| | 246 | (1) |
| | 247 | (1) |
| | 247 | (1) |
| Case History: Cereal Points to a Serial Rapist |
| | 248 | (2) |
| Case History: Hobbled by Hypericum |
| | 250 | (1) |
| Case History: Nothofagus Noticed |
| | 251 | (2) |
| Classical and Future DNA Typing Technologies for Plants |
| | 253 | (22) |
|
| | 254 | (1) |
| Classical Plant DNA Typing Methods |
| | 254 | (11) |
| Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis |
| | 254 | (2) |
| Advantages and Disadvantages to RAPD Analysis |
| | 256 | (1) |
| Can RAPD Analysis Help Catch a Killer? |
| | 257 | (3) |
| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis |
| | 260 | (1) |
| Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Analysis |
| | 260 | (1) |
| Using AFLP to Track Illegal Marijuana Cultivation and Distribution |
| | 261 | (1) |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of AFLP Analysis |
| | 261 | (4) |
| The Future of Forensic Plant Genotyping |
| | 265 | (5) |
| Repeat Sequence Genetic Testing |
| | 265 | (1) |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Short Tandem Repeat Analysis |
| | 266 | (2) |
| Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Assays |
| | 268 | (1) |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Plant SNP Assays |
| | 269 | (1) |
| Microchip Nanotechnologies |
| | 269 | (1) |
| Plant DNA Extraction: Combating the Problem of Low Yield |
| | 270 | (1) |
| Field Testing: Genotyping at the Crime Scene |
| | 271 | (2) |
| | 273 | (1) |
| | 273 | (2) |
| Appendix A Considerations for the Use of Forensic Botanical Evidence: An Overview | | 275 | (6) |
| Appendix B Glossary of Terms | | 281 | (10) |
| Appendix C Directory of Contacts | | 291 | (4) |
| Appendix D Biographies | | 295 | (10) |
| Index | | 305 | |
