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This study analyses the presence of American ships, merchants, and interests in the Mediterranean region in the first decades following the independence of the United States, and seeks to understand whether or not the English, Dutch, Scandinavians, and Americans invaded the region and its shipping industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It considers the following topics: the benefit of American neutrality during the French Revolutionary wars which enabled the growth of their shipping activities; the organisation of protection for American ships post-independence, particularly from Barbary privateers; the diplomatic efforts of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson and the relationships of convenience fostered by American powers when requesting European assistance; the development of American consular services to assist merchants and captains; the avoidance of incidents through peace and commercial treaties through to ship seizures and crew enslavement; and the impact of the Tripolitanian War (or Barbary War) on American-Mediterranean shipping. The works in this volume attempt to determine whether or not these actions can be considered an 'invasion'. They explore the mutually beneficial aspects of American-Mediterranean trade whilst also considering the strength of the Mediterranean trade (particularly Greek) prior to American interference. It concludes by confirming the dual objectives of the American presence - to ensure open markets for their goods, and to enhance their political and military power against British, French, and North African regencies.Read more...
Rough waters: American involvement with the Mediterranean in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: am introduction / Silvia Marzagalli, James R. Sofka and John J. McCusker --
Worth a war? The importance of the trade between British America and the Mediterranean / John J. McCusker --
Relations between North America and the Italian peninsula, 1763-1799: Tuscany, Genoa and Naples / Luca Codignola --
American shipping into the Mediterranean during the France Wars: a first approach / Silvia Marzagalli --
Notes toward a Franco-American Mediterranean 'from below' / Nathan Perl-Rosenthal --
Consula and consiglieri: United States relations with the Italian States, 1790-1815 / Anthony J. Antonucci --
Old and new republics: diplomatic relations between the Republic of Genoa and the United States of America/ Pierangelo Castagneto --
'From the halls of Montesuma, to the shores of Tripoli:' Antoine Zuchet and the First Barbary War, 1801-1805 / Victor Enthoven --
Minorca: the first United States naval base in the Mediterranean and the American Consulate at Port Mahon / Miquel Àngel Casanoval Camps --
'The Jeffersonian idea of national security' revisited / James R. Sofka --
The reluctant warrior: Thomas Jefferson and the Tripolitan War, 1801-1805 / Jeff Seiken --
Slavery as social mobility? Western slaves in late eighteenth century Algiers / Christine E. Sears --
Americans in the Mediterranean in the late eighteenth and early ninteenth century: concluding remarks / Elena Frangakis-Syrett.
edited by Silvia Marzagalli, James R. Sofka and John J. McCusker.
Abstract:
This study analyses the presence of American ships, merchants, and interests in the Mediterranean region in the first decades following the independence of the United States, and seeks to understand whether or not the English, Dutch, Scandinavians, and Americans invaded the region and its shipping industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It considers the following topics: the benefit of American neutrality during the French Revolutionary wars which enabled the growth of their shipping activities; the organisation of protection for American ships post-independence, particularly from Barbary privateers; the diplomatic efforts of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson and the relationships of convenience fostered by American powers when requesting European assistance; the development of American consular services to assist merchants and captains; the avoidance of incidents through peace and commercial treaties through to ship seizures and crew enslavement; and the impact of the Tripolitanian War (or Barbary War) on American-Mediterranean shipping. The works in this volume attempt to determine whether or not these actions can be considered an 'invasion'. They explore the mutually beneficial aspects of American-Mediterranean trade whilst also considering the strength of the Mediterranean trade (particularly Greek) prior to American interference. It concludes by confirming the dual objectives of the American presence - to ensure open markets for their goods, and to enhance their political and military power against British, French, and North African regencies.
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